The Treaty of Versailles and World War II - 552 Words

At a time where World War 1 was turned to be too overwhelming, a way of ending World War 1 was necessary. The solution was to create and sign a treaty from each of the Allies, in order ensure world-peace in the future; an intention to avoid any more World Wars or other related disasters. This treaty was signed in Versailles (hence the name came from), and enforced by the leaders of France, Britain, The United States of America and Italy. The big four’s (the world leaders that signed the treaty) names were Woodrow Wilson (from the USA), George Clemenceau (from France), Vittorio Orlando (from Italy), and David Loyd-George (from Britain). Needless to say, Germany did not get the option to partake in the negotiations or decisions of punishment. Each world leaders each had different terms and opinions on the matter. Woodrow Wilson wanted to establish a lasting peace, and avoid any more future world-wide conflicts. George Clemenceau believed that Germany had to be punished greatly, and gave harsh terms against the country, including reparations to France out of their own money. David Loyd-George agreed with Wilson, although he was negatively received the by the public of Britain for doing this. The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles went as followed – †¢ Germany lost ALL overseas colonies. †¢ Germany’s army limit was 100,000. †¢ Germany could not have a military air-force. †¢ Germany lost 10% of its land. The reactions from most countries were mixed. The United States ofShow MoreRelatedThe Treaty Of Versailles And The World War II848 Words   |  4 Pages What better way to follow-up â€Å"the war to end all wars† then with what would become the deadliest war in history, thus far? Whether or not war, in general, is inevitable is a solid question but whether World War II could have been stopped takes the cake. The Treaty of Versailles was signed at the close of the first world war and dictated the terms of Germany s punishment. It reclaimed land for Poland, France, and Austria as well as restricted Germany s military to 100,000 men, six battleshipsRead MoreWorld War II : The Treaty Of Versailles Essay2042 Words   |  9 Pagesterritory in a sequence of devastating wars. Treaty of Versailles: The treaty of Versailles was imposed on Germany on June 28 1919 by the Allies. France, Great Britain, the United States and the other allies demanded that Germany dismantled their military, only allowing a token army and navy and forbidding them an Air Force. Germany had to give up some of its lands to reconstitute Poland, and accept military occupation in its remaining territories. The treaty also contained a â€Å"Guilt Clause† requiredRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles During World War II Essay1864 Words   |  8 Pagesand gruesome bloodshed, World War I concluded on November 11th, 1918 as the Allied Powers claimed victory and the Axis Powers accepted defeat. In order to promote peace, finalize the outcome and prevent another large scale war, the victorious Allied Powers created a treaty, the Treaty of Versailles. Under the terms and conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany and its allies were harshly sanctioned. Germany, viewed by the Allied Po wers as the primary inciter of World War I, received the worstRead MoreThe Influence of the Treaty of Versailles on the Outbreak of World War II931 Words   |  4 Pages The Treaty of Versailles influenced the outbreak of WWII by angering the Germans, weakening their country, and making Germany vulnerable to Hitler’s influence. The Treaty of Versailles was made to keep Germany from stirring up commotion again by starting another war. It was signed at the end of WWI, which the Germans had lost, and therefore they were forced to sign the treaty, which took away their colonies, sectioned their land, made them pay for other countries military costs, and forcedRead MoreDid the Treaty of Versailles Make World War Ii Inevitable?2239 Words   |  9 PagesDid the Treaty of Versailles make World War II inevitable? JANUARY 8, 2008 STUDENT ID: 081404078 ABSTRACT This essay analyses the origins of the Second World War by briefly summarizing the events from 1919-1939. However, most emphasis is put on the amount of responsibility the Treaty of Versailles deserves for the outbreak of war. Other than analysing the Treaty of Versailles on its own, it also analyses the effects of the 1929 Wall Street Crash on the world, the riseRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1684 Words   |  7 PagesInvestigation The Treaty of Versailles was created to bring peace between nations after WWI. This investigation will answer the following question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles bring peace? In this investigation, the extent of the Versailles Treaty’s success will be evaluated by examining the period of its development, 1918, to the rise of Hitler, 1933. Several sources were used in this investigation including a number of books that look at the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and the reactionsRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles Ended World War I1708 Words   |  7 Pages The Second World War took approximately 50,000,000 to 60,000,000 lives (â€Å"World War II†). But this total does not include the millions not accounted for, many of them infants. The war had many causes, but the vast fault lay on a piece of writing from twenty years before the war even started. The Treaty of Versailles ended World War I but instigated the events that led up to World War II. Because the treaty of Versailles was so harsh on Germany, the effects of those terms allowed the Nazi partyRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles Necessary978 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II was one of the bloodiest wars ever fought. World War II cost over 60 million lives and trillions of dollars. However, the entire war could of been prevented. Many wars in history could have been prevented. Rash decisions ignite wars and change history forever. One example of a rash decision is the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay excessive reparations. This was impos sible at the time, as the country was just in a long and expensive war. Another irrationalRead MoreWorld War II Was The Second Greatest War Of The Twentieth Century860 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II lasted from 1939-1945, but there were a number of circumstances leading up to the beginning of World War II. It involved the majority of the nations in the world in which they formed two military alliances. Those alliances were the allies and axis. In a state of total war, World War II was the most deadly war in history. This war was caused there was a violation of the Treaty of Versailles from WWI. Then, there was the expansion of the Japanese and fascism. Another reason for the outbreakRead MoreThe Declaration Of The Treaty Of Versailles1133 Words   |  5 Pages World War II ended in 1945, but it affected so many people that it is taught in schools; the thought of having another World War is terrifying. Imagine having the world thrown into that much chaos, causing so much des truction again. To avoid another World War people need to learn what caused them. The whole purpose of the Treaty of Versailles was to promote peace and stop the wars, but in the end all it did was create another World War. Many predicted the result of the weak treaty, but

Essay about The Hazards of Smoking - 2678 Words

I chose the hazards of smoking because I want to show people why smoking is bad for their health and those around them. It bothers me that not only am I ruining my health but the health of others who have the good sense not to smoke and are trying to take care of their own health. I picked this because I want to know what all the negative effects are on people who smoke. In addition, I chose this topic because I am interested in finding out what research is being conducted to help smokers who are having health issues due to smoking. I think people need to know that once they start it’s hard to stop and I know this from a smoker’s point of view. I couldn’t stop if I wanted to. I started smoking when I was 12 and I’m 18 now. After six years†¦show more content†¦I’m going to find the information for my paper by doing research and obtaining sources from many different venues. I’m going to look through health books and any other book I ca n find about smoking. I’m going to go online and search the internet and look for information. I will use newspapers, magazines, radio and television transcripts and encyclopedias to look for information to help me write my research paper. Part II: Research The dangers of smoking are a topic with which Americans are very familiar. Local, state and federal governments have passed many laws in an effort to curtail smoking in public places. Add to this the controversies of health issues, being socially unacceptable and impact on families because of cost, smoking has come to be considered as a death knell. Tobacco has had a long history and has some advantages along with the many disadvantages, but it is not the cash crop it once was. In 1492, Columbus received tobacco as a gift from the Indians. In 1556, tobacco was introduced to France, Spain, and Portugal. Eight years later it was introduced to England. The first no-smoking law was passed in 1683. In 1794, Congress passed the first federal tax on tobacco. The very first anti-smoking movement in the U.S was in 1830. In 1852, the match was invented, which made smoking a lot more convenient for people. DuringShow MoreRelated Smoking Hazards: Tobacco Cultivation In Colonial America Essay1765 Words   |  8 Pagesof England. The people of England then traded with the Dutch, increasing demand for tobacco (Pecquet 471). Sir Walter Raleigh also contributed to the introduction of smoking tobacco in America and to the English queen, Elizabeth I (Cotton 2-3). The settlers of Roanoke Island smoked tobacco and soon presented the idea of smoking tobacco in court which became a new trend (3). Later on, as the demand for tobacco rose, more labor was needed to supply enoug h to satisfy the tobacco requirement (TheRead MorePublic Awareness of Smoking and Tobacco663 Words   |  3 PagesPublic awareness about the hazards of smoking is increasing, but it is still important to outline the main health problems that are associated with tobacco use. Tobacco smoking is apparently the most preventable cause of death in the United States, (Smoking: Health Hazards, 2005). The specific hazards of smoking include damage to the lungs, heart, and brain (Smoking: Health Hazards, 2005). According to Martin (2008), There are approximately 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds of which areRead MoreHigh Prevalence Of Adolescent Smoking1261 Words   |  6 Pagesand intermediateschool students. Further analyses showed that in both secondary and intermediate schools, male smoking outweighed female smoking. A similarly high prevalence of adolescent smoking was also reported in previous Saudi studies [8-10]. The reported overall prevalence rates of adolescents smoking in t hose studies ranged from 29% to 37%; compared to 33.02% in this study. Smoking prevalence with same patternsof sex and level of education in adolescents was observed in a school based studyRead MoreEffects Of Smoking On Public Places996 Words   |  4 Pagessmoke followed her like a burning building. While many in society were irritated about the NO SMOKING policies in public places, it was and is morally justified. Smoking is not only a health hazard to the individual puffing on the cigarette, but also every person around that area health is at risk. Society has been thoroughly informed of the hazards from smoking cigarettes; yet people still choose smoking as a form of stress relief or enjoyment. The exposer to the harmful toxins not only affects theRead MoreThe Effects of Smoking Tobacco Essay957 Words   |  4 Pagesremains a large portion of the U.S’ economy, tobacco smoking can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders that affect the user. The effects of smoking t obacco not only affect the user but surrounding people as well: permanently destroying their lungs and children, increasing the chances of diseases and of cancer. Diseases caused by the effects of smoking or second hand smoke may lead to emphysema. To start, even after only a few years of smoking, one’s lungs could be affected for the rest of his/herRead MorePersuasive Essay Smoking885 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as smoking. People smoke for numerous reasons. These reasons include: socializing, coping with emotions, parental influences, advertising, and for the thrill of risk taking behaviors. In consequence, many people are unaware of the negative aspects to smoking. Smoking not only affects the individual but has negative impacts on others that are around the smoker and the environment as well. In result of these harmful aspects of smoking, smoking should be banned in public places. Smoking shouldRead MoreA New Tool For Smoking Secession Campaigns896 Words   |  4 Pages A new tactic for smoking secession campaigns, display a demonstration that compares a set of healthy lungs, verses a smoker’s lungs. It shows an air pump inflating the lungs as if they were breathing on their own. The healthy, ripe, pink, plump set of the non-smokers lungs inflate in and out, expanding without to ease. The pair of lungs that have been tarnished by cigarette smoking has a dark appearance and exerts more effort with minimal results. For some, this is enough to lay the habit downRead MoreThe Impact of Smoking Bans875 Words   |  3 PagesThe Impact of Smoking Bans Few issues over the use of public and commercial space ignite more impassioned disagreement than that over indoor smoking bans. With evidence of the dangers of second-hand smoking having achieved a state of being incontrovertible, lawmakers, lobby groups and public health advocacy groups have taken steps to diminish the exposure to second-hand smoke experienced by individuals on the whole. While the benefits of a smoking ban in bars, restaurants, clubs and other suchRead MoreSmoking Is Harmful Or Harmful? Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: Smoking is obviously harmful to one’s health. The smoke inhaled never leaves the body as it found it. Nicotine in the smoke is very addictive. Engaging in this dangerous act at an early age is far more dangerous to a teenager’s life and trims out at least ten years of their future lives by causing premature deaths. As we take a few steps back into the origin of smoking, the reasons the ancients held for it and the recent effects disclosed related to smoking, it is expected that the teenagerRead MoreSmoke As An American Citizen1099 Words   |  5 Pages Smoking Parents Tyler McClellan September 9, 2015 British Literature B Life Academy If I choose to smoke as an American citizen I will if I want simply because it is my right to do so, I mean after all is that not what this country was founded upon in the first place? Freedom? Yes it is. Since this is true why would we say you can have your freedom to do as you please but place stipulations on it? Since the United States is a free country it should be anyone`s right to smoke

Mbuti Culture Essays - 2460 Words

In the Congo, of Africa, lives a tribe known as the Mbuti. They are pygmies (dwarf like people) living in a luscious rain forest known as the Ituri. The Ituri Forest existed prior to the last ice age. The universe of the rainforest is one of purged sunlight below a lofty, expansive cloak of trees, where abysmal peace exists with the punctuating cries of the numerous birds and animals that share the forest with the Mbuti. A consistent, peacefully affable warmth, ample rainfall, damp air, and rich earth nurture the abundance of vegetation that grows. The abundance of vegetation benefits animals, birds, and insects that are soon to become a nutrimental source of the Mbuti diet. The culture of the Mbuti derived from their dependents on the†¦show more content†¦Around the 19th century people began to explore the Congo more. The images that Homer and Aristotle portrayed through their writing begin to slowly fade. The Mbuti were no longer visualized as mythical and sub-human creatu res, but as people (Suroviak, para. 9, 1996 a). It has been shown that most societies that depend on foragers and hunting rely on close family ties for survival. Kinship is important because of the lack of resources (Nowak, 2010). Mbuti is a tribe of foragers and hunters, living on the resources they extract from forest. The Mbuti live in an area with an abundance of resources and close ties are not needed. Mbuti is the aboriginal name of the tribe; however the tribe is divided into sub-group (Mbuti and Efe). The name of the tribe depends on the dialect spoken. The Mbuti predominately speak the language of the Bantu and the Efe dialect is of the Sudanic language. The two clans of pygmies share a tropical rainforest stretching into the northeast sector of the Congo. The â€Å"Forest† is the core of the Mbuti culture (Mosko, p. 898, para. 6, 1987 a). Kinship becomes important to the Mbuti when selecting a spouse. Kinship recognition is only important when choosing a wi fe or husband. No person is allowed to marry kin on their mothers or fathers side of the family. Unlike, western societies, there are no formal ritual for marriage or divorce. People are considered married once the couple moves in together. They believe marrying outside their ageShow MoreRelatedMbuti Culture1130 Words   |  5 PagesMbuti Culture Micheal Smith ANT 101 Prof. Tracy Samperio September 24, 2012 Mbuti Culture Mbuti primary mode of subsistence is Foraging. A forager lives as hunter and gatherer. The Mbuti hunt and gather food from the forest, and they trade as well for survival. They are referred as hunter-gatherer. They are a small band of kinship groups that are mobile. All foraging communities value their lifestyle. The Mbuti show how their kinships, beliefs and values, and economic organization areRead MoreEssay on The Mbuti Culture2257 Words   |  10 PagesMbuti Culture Introduction The Mbuti people are known as foragers because their main source of survival lies on hunting and gathering as they move from one place to another. They originated from a region in Africa called Congo. The Mbuti people even with their fairly decent population prefer to be grouped into smaller groups or bands which are mostly made up of close relatives. They live in the rainforests of central Africa, where they have lived popularly for more than 6000 years now. DifferentRead More Children of the Forest by Kevin Duffy Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagestestament of an anthropologists everyday dealings with an African tribe by the name of the Mbuti Pygmies. My purpose in this paper is to inform the reader of Kevin Duffys findings while in the Ituri rainforest. Kevin Duffy is one of the first and only scientists to have ever been in close contact with the Mbuti. If an Mbuti tribesman does not want to be found, they simply wont be. The forest in which the Mbuti reside in are simply too dense and dangerous for humans not familiar with the area toRead MoreThe Mbuti Pygmies in the Ituri Forest Essay2107 Words   |  9 PagesThe Mbuti Pygmies in the Ituri Forest The Mbuti Pygmies in the Ituri forest in central Africa are foragers who use a combination of foraging, net hunters, and archers. Their kinship, social organization, and gender relations make them a unique band. Even though they live in the rainforest of equatorial Africa with hardly any possessions, they are happy, peaceful people. The pygmies are small people who are typically less than five feet tall. The Mbuti have lived in the Ituri forest for many thousandsRead MoreMbuti People of Zaire2211 Words   |  9 PagesThe Mbuti is an indigenous pygmy group who lives in the Ituri Forest in Zaire. In doing research for this paper it was found that the Mbuti is referred to as Bambuti quite frequently, however, they are only one of four cultures that make up the Bambuti. Researchers believe that pygmy people have lived in the rainforests of central Africa for more than 6000 years. Mbutis are primarily foragers who hunt or gather most of their food. The culture of the Mbuti or Bambuti is one of egalitarian whereRead MoreThe Forest People By Colin Turnbull1753 Words   |  8 PagesColin Turnbull an anthropologist, rise in a wealthy English family which discover his fulfilment in life; which were the Pygmies. Turnbull then wrote a book called â€Å"The Forest People†, which Turnbull spent three years studying about the Mbuti Pygmies; who lives in the Ituri rainforest of the Democ ratic Republic of the Congo. In â€Å"The forest people†, Turnbull display the world of the Pygmy tribe, its environment, and how pygmies adopt to its surrounding in order to survive its everyday life. The IturiRead More Anthropology: Cultural Norms Essay617 Words   |  3 Pagescomparison. Many of the people in a culture similar to the U.S. would probably find most of the cultures we have studied to be â€Å"slow†, strange, or undesirable. In fact, it seems that many of the societies actually prefer to live the way they do and accept it as normal. â€Å"Normal† is a relative term, and it is difficult to establish evidence to label a culture or its characteristics abnormal. What may seem to work here often would be disastrous to other cultures. Our society stresses individualityRead MoreAfrican Music Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagescompare and contrast the music-culture and society of the Mbuti and that of the Venda, it becomes difficult to comment on sound when we havent heard any Venda music. Its easy to recognize that for the Mbuti the music embodies the heart of the forest, and for the Venda the relation to nature is the act of a mother giving birth. Thinking about concept and behavior this makes the music performed by the two cultures separate and distinguishable. This is where culture and environment become importantRead MoreGed210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Unit 2 Exam1063 Words   |  5 Pagesorganize things, events, and behaviors †¢ that languages and behavior are the same †¢ that classification systems in all societies are random 7. Linguistic anthropologists find that people who are forced to abandon their native language and culture: †¢ begin to lose their self-esteem †¢ all speak English †¢ are better off socially and economically †¢ easily regain both in 100 years 8. The concept of ____________ maintains that societal change occurs when societies borrow cultural traitsRead MoreFunctionalism And Radcliffe Brown s Functionalism1275 Words   |  6 Pagesstructure, the emphases on the individual rather than the emphases on the society as a whole, and they work off of different solidarity theories. Malinowski’s functionalism deals with biology and physiological needs. Malinowski argues that all of human culture is developed to satisfy those biological needs. He created a theory of needs that said that humans in a society will create systems to feed themselves to satisfy a metabolic need, will create systems of kinship to satisfy reproductive needs, will

Should Students Attend High School For The United States

†¢ The teacher will write the following question on the board, and ask students to guess what they think the percentage or number is. †¢ â€Å"I want you all to guess how many students attending high-school are homeless in the United States?† †¢ The teacher calls on a few students for their guess, then the teacher will reveal the actual number. †¢ How many students attending High School in the United States are homeless? o Last year, 1.36 million public school students were homeless, according to data released by the Department of Education. That’s almost double the amount recorded in the 2006-2007 school year. o http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/homeless-public-school-students_55f997bce4b0b48f67018e4a o â€Å"According to the Department of Education, 1.36 million public school students were homeless for the 2006-2007 school year. That is the most updated information, and so you can imagine how that number has changed in the past ten years.† †¢ â€Å"Why are we looking up the answers to these questions? How are the answers to these questions important in terms of our question, Why does discrimination matter? †¢ â€Å"What are some stereotypes of young people? Please write down all the ways in which you see teenagers being stereotyped. We will discuss what you have written down after.† †¢ The teacher will write the question on the board and instruct students to make a list in their notebooks. †¢ â€Å"What are some of the stereotypes that you all came up with?† o EX: Lazy, always on their cell-phones,Show MoreRelatedUndocumented Students From The United States1491 Words   |  6 Pages Undocumented Students in Georgia Shelby Gonzalez GSMST According to Golden Door Scholar, there are 1.4 million undocumented students in the United States and out of the 1.4 million students, only 7,000 will attend college. Defined by Educators for fair consideration, undocumented students are â€Å"foreign national individuals who entered the United States without inspection or with fraudulent documents.† There are programs to make it easier for undocumented students to attain an educationRead MoreThe Results Of Raising The Dropout Age1517 Words   |  7 PagesMost students who attend school on a regular basis usually succeed in life. On the other hand, many students fail to attend school every day which can lead to problems in schools. However, some students have acceptable reasons for dropping out. As a result, a student’s punctuality can ultimately alter his or her education. On that note, dropping out of high school can affect an individual in many ways throughout the years. Schools are facing challenges dealing wi th high dropout rates, high ratesRead MoreThe American Council Of Education Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. It was published in 2007, so although it is comprehensive, there have been advancements and changes in how American higher education looks today. To be a more thorough in scope, the Guide (2007) should discuss the factors that influence students’ choices of which higher education institution they attend, how much that choice matters, and how college rankings contribute to those choices. These are important topics to mention because unlike other parts of the world, the United StatesRead MoreFree Community College : Good Or Bad Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesjob titles. It can become difficult for many people to receive a job without a high school and especially a college education. Most jobs in America, from sales manager to registered nurse and even a construction worker in some cases, require an education past high school. With the cost of college, at average ten thousand dollars at state schools, not accounting for living quarters or even meals, it is leaving many students in large overbearing debt. Many have looked for the solution of this strenuousRead MoreThe Cost Of College Tuition925 Words   |  4 Pagesmany people are unable to attend due to the overall cost of tuition, books, room and board. The high price of a college education is unfair to the bright students who have limited resources. These students are at a disadvantage because of lack of funds. The United States should find a way to provide free tuition to all students who want an education. In our lives today, not everyone can financially afford to attend a four year university or college, but yet people still attend because they have academicRead MoreImmigrant Children and U.S Education1257 Words   |  6 PagesAware of the free education provided by the United States government to any school age children, immigrants both legal and illegal continue to be attracted to the United States, migrating in an attempt to provide better opportunities for their families and themselves. As the number of illegal immigrants living in the United states continues to rise and the percentage of illegal immigrant households which consist of children also continues to rise, it is important for the American government to examineRead More Segregation Essay examples824 Words   |  4 PagesMay 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court struck down the separate but equal doctrine in American public schools (Willoughby 40). The Constitution of the United States of America, Amendment XVI states that: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;All persons born or naturalized in the United States of America, and subject to nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;they reside. No state shall make oreRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of American and Canadian Education 865 Words   |  4 Pagesvery interesting. The United States educational system is has three levels however; some school districts may subdivide elementary and secondary students to create separate schools at the middle and junior high level. Once a child turns five they begin kindergarten and stay in elementary until they graduate. From there they attend junior high, grades 5 through 8. All students enter into High School for grades 9-12 and if they are successful, they graduate with a high school diploma and enter theRead MoreOf The United States1527 Words   |  7 Pagesnations formed a federation of states. It was not until 1838 Honduras beca me completely independent by separating from the federation. While Honduras was under Spain’s control, education was associated with the Roman Catholic Church. The students who attended school in Honduras typically came from higher social classes. In the late 19th century Honduras was not associated with the Roman Catholic Church and became non denominational in their school systems. Catholic schools still existed, but were notRead MoreCalifornia Dream Act Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesReyna Macias English 103 7 November 2011 California Dream Act: Rewarding an Illegal Act Born and raised here in the U.S. many students, and parents for that matter, are currently struggling with the bills, loans, and the stress of trying to stabilize a healthy future for themselves by pursuing an education. When a law like the California Dream Act is passed, it makes those who have done nothing but follow the rules of our legal system, feel as if the right as a legal citizen is being pushed

Health Care System in Australian Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Health Care System in Australian. Answer: Introduction The health system in Australia is a complicated mix of federal and state government responsibilities and funding, thus making it complex for the patients to navigate. In spite of being complex the universal health system of Australia achieves efficiently good results. The expenditure made by the government in the Australian health care system is about 88% of the total GDP. The life expectancy at work in Australia is the sixth highest in the world which is 82.2 years. However there are various challenges which are faced by the health system. According to Grol et al., (2017) although the quality of care which is provided by the Australian heath care system is high, the spending of the country is reportedly unsustainable. An universal access to a various services which are funded largely through public taxation. The aim of this paper is to identify and discuss the features of the Australian health care policy. The paper also considers contemporary health care policy challenges in Australia with respect to health outcome inequities, enabling technical, allocative and quality efficiency and the roles of health professionals. The paper selects one key policy challenge faced by the Australian health system in Australia for the purpose of discussion. The paper concluded with a few recommendations to enhance the health care policies and better handle the challenges in Australia. The features of health policy in Australia The health care system in Australia is complex in nature. It can be described as a web of organization structure, care provider, recipients and services. As an inclusive and multi-faceted approach is needed to address the needs of the many and varied Australian residents, and when varied factors shape those needs age, health history, gender, location cultural background, socioeconomic and behavior, it is impossible to avoid complexity. The health care system is supported by an array of support and governance mechanisms that ensures legislation, coordination, policy, funding and regulations for providing quality services. Through the introduction of potent policies Australia has been able to achieve one of the lowest smoking rates around the world whereas by contrast it has the second highest population of obese people in the world. The public hospitals in Australia are managed by the state and territories only whereas they are funded by the commonwealth, states and territories. The p rivate health insurance is regulated by the federal government and the states provide license to the private hospitals. Various challenges are presented through this complex nature to the people who are suffering from chronic diseases as they more than often require access in a coordinated manner to services across community, acute and primary care sector. The initial contact with the health system of Australia which the residents have is when they visit a general physician. It is the general practitioner which refers these people to diagnostic testing, public hospitals or other options of treatment. However clinic care and patients are merely two components of a wide a complex which includes multiple provides who work in various settings and are supported by many regulatory, legislative and funding arrangements. According to the world health organization health policies are all those rules and regulations in place to ensure a proper protection and enhancement of public health. Its main purpose is to provide good quality service to people whenever they need them. In Australia the health care policies can be described as a multi faceted web of private and public providers, supporting mechanics, participants and settings. Nurses, medical practitioners, hospitals, allied and other health care professionals, clinics and other private and p ublic agencies consists of health providers in Australia. Public health services- responsibility and funding The coordination of the health policies in Australia is largely in the hand of Australian health minister which include the state and territory and the commonwealth ministers. The supplementary coordinative role is imposed upon the Standing council for health which collectively comprises of the health ministers. The council includes the Commonwealth Minister for Veterans' Affairs and the New Zealand Health Minister (AHMAC 2013) and The Standing Council comes under the auspices of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), the highest intergovernmental forum in Australia (AHMAC 2013). It is ensured by the standing council that national health reforms are implemented to the best possible health care services is provided to the residents. The expenditure which the country makes in relation to health care polices is significant. The health care policies in Australia although are complex but they are being managed appropriately to ensure the best possible results for the sectors. The nurses and doctors are guided by several legislations along with a code of conduct and codes of ethics. Some of the legislations which are governed by the minister of health are Aged Care Legislation Amendment (Increasing Consumer Choice) Act 2016, Australian National Preventive Health Agency Act 2010, Biosecurity Act 2015, particularly in relation to human health, Cancer Australia Act 2006, Health Insurance Amendment (Professional Services Review) Act 2012, My Health Records Act 2012 and Medical Indemnity Act 2002. One of the most prominent features of health care policies in Australia is Medicare. It is a government funded insurance which allows the residents to avail healthcare services at a very low cost. Although hospitals are reluctant to accept Medicare as a source of funding it is compulsory to be adopted in government hospitals and various private hospitals have also adopted it. A number of health insurance organizations also provide health insurance. Medicare is the largest health insurance with a market share of 30%. In order to take out private hospital insurance the Australian government has taken few initiatives such as life time health cover, Medicare levy surcharge and private health insurance rebates. There are various non-government organizations also which play a role in the Australian healthcare system. Health policy development, implementation and evaluation processes The major principles which are used in Australia for the development of health have been designed to ensure that the best possible outcomes are obtained. Thus the development guidelines are focused on outcomes, these are based on quality of life attributes and survival rates. For this purpose the guidelines have to be based on the best possible evidence. The strongest possible methods has to be used for synthesize of evidence. Australia uses flexible and adaptable guidelines with respect to local conditions. However according to Britt et al., (2013) the guidelines in Australia for the development of polices are not made taking into account the limitation of resources. The guidelines in Australia ensure that they take into account that they have been developed to target the maximum number of audience. The dissemination and implementation of the guidelines along with its development are regularly revised and evaluated. In Australia the implementations of the guidelines is done through the identification of limitations to implementation and acceptance of the guidelines along with working in coordination with members of target groups to overcome the limitations. The polices are made in a format which is suitable for the audience they have been targeted for. The cost of the health care is kept limited so that it does not become a barrier to access. The functioning of the health care system cannot merely be enhanced through proper implementation. Proper evaluation of policies from time to time is also required to ensure that the policies are effective for their purpose. polices are revised from time to time so that it can be ensured that they are up-to-date with the current environment of health care and meet the present need of the residents (Zwar et al., 2017). Contemporary policy challenges for the Australian health care system There have been various media reports recently in relation to the so called crisis with respect to the Australian health system, a few academic commentators have thrown light upon areas of Australian health care system which needs improvement. One of these commentators has been George Palmer, who has identified areas of health care police needing improvement. The performance of the Australian health care system with respect to criteria of acceptability, efficiency, equality along with the contemporary problems related to such areas (Mills, 2014). One of the major issues in Australia related to the health care system is the quest for equity. The two major elements of equity have been the equity of outcomes and equity of access. One of the most significant development of polices related to health care equity has been the proposal to introduce a universal health insurance. The proposal leads to the development of Medibank in the year 1975. Equity is also affected by financial barriers. Another issue which acts as a barrier to equity is waiting time for gaining access to private surgeons and public hospitals are very time consuming (Weaver et al., 2013). The major issue which is to be discussed through this paper is contemporary challenges related to efficiency. Efficiency is one of the most important criteria for the assessment of a health care system. Two main elements of efficiency which require focus are dynamic efficiency and allocative efficiency (Islam et al., 2015). Allocative efficiency is related to ensuring the optimum resource allocation in relation to the health care system. The concern of such efficiency is to ensure that the input made to the health care policies provide the best possible outcome. However the funding which is made by the government in relation to the health care system is too much as compared to the outcomes which the system has been able to achieve. Technical efficiency has undergone several improvements with respect to the health care sector in the last twenty years. According to (Duckett, Breadon Farmer, 2014) the complicated interlay which is associated with state and common relations in the health sectors lead to inefficiency. However according to Drummond et al., (2015) there is major doubt that multiple reporting requirements significantly hampers efficiency. Moreover the system is very helpful towards cost shifting and addressing problems related to budgets through the transfer of programs to readily accessible c ommonwealth programs like medicare benefit schemes and pharmacy benefits schemes (Burgess Radnor 2013). The process allows that the attention of the managers towards directly enhancing efficiency is diverted which possibly results in loss of system efficiency. In addition a real problem with respect to state-commonwealth relation exits in terms of accountability and political process. The issue related to responsibility in the health sector denotes that whenever there is a problem in the system there is a game of shifting the blame on other level of politicians. This issue creates problems related to accountability of the management systems. Another key element related to efficiency is effectiveness. Effectiveness strives to ensure that one of the elements to this is efficacy to the degree to which the outputs of the system led to most effective outcomes. The primary objectives of policy are to ensure that the actual effectiveness is closest to the best possible outcomes. Priority settings are also a key issue related to allocative efficiency. Dynamic efficiency refers to the degree to which the healthcare system overall has the capacity of adopting to changes. The health care policy in Australian reflects dynamic efficiency at a clinical level by being relatively open in adapting changes (Happell et al. 2015). Conclusion There has been various media speculations related to the shortcomings of the Australian health care system. However many studies depict that the scenario is not as bad as it is shown to the public. The Australian health care system is one of the best health care systems in the world. However it cannot be said that the system is free from defects. The system is subjected to many limitations because of its complex nature. One of the most prominent issues in relation to the system is the lack of allocative efficiency. The funds which are allocated towards the healthcare system are not providing the proportionate expected outcomes. the reason for this may be various insignificant issues in the system which are too small to be focused on but add up to effect the efficiency of the system. The issue can be addressed through increasing the accountability of the ministers and preventing them from sifting the blame of other levels of ministers in case of defaults. References Britt, H., Miller, G. C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., ... O'Halloran, J. (2013).General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health(No. 33). Sydney University Press. Burgess, N. and Radnor, Z., 2013. Evaluating Lean in healthcare.International journal of health care quality assurance,26(3), pp.220-235. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015).Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Duckett, S., Breadon, P., Farmer, J. (2014). Out-of-Pocket Costs: Hitting the Most Vulnerable HardestGrattan Institute Submission to the Senate Standing Committee on Community Affairs Inquiry into the Out-of-Pocket Costs in Australian Healthcare.Carlton, Vic., Grattan Institute. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013).Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Happell, B., Platania-Phung, C., Webster, S., McKenna, B., Millar, F., Stanton, R., ... Scott, D. (2015). Applying the World Health Organization Mental Health Action Plan to evaluate policy on addressing co-occurrence of physical and mental illnesses in Australia.Australian Health Review,39(4), 370-378. Islam, S. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, M. H., Hossain, M., Kwak, K. S. (2015). The internet of things for health care: a comprehensive survey.IEEE Access,3, 678-708. Mills, A. (2014). Health care systems in low-and middle-income countries.New England Journal of Medicine,370(6), 552-557 Mossialos, E., Wenzl, M., Osborn, R., Anderson, C. (2015). International profiles of health care systems.The Commonwealth Fund,2016. Powell Davies, G., Harris, M., Perkins, D., Roland, M., Williams, A., Larsen, K., McDonald, J. (2017). Coordination of care within primary health care and with other sectors: a systematic review. Weaver, C. A., Ball, M. J., Kim, G. R., Kiel, J. M. (2016). Healthcare information management systems.Cham: Springer International Publishing. Zwar, N., Dennis, S., Griffiths, R., Perkins, D., May, J., Hasan, I., ... Caplan, G. (2017). Optimising skill-mix in the primary health care workforce for the care of older Australians: A systematic review.

Exam Questions free essay sample

Advanced countries, which have the capability to innovate, as well as high-income levels and mass consumption, will sell the item first to its domestic market, then will become initial exporters of goods to other technically advance countries. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. The advanced country loses their exports initially to developing countries (who will import and later manufacture these goods) and subsequently to less developed countries. Eventually, the original advanced country (original innovator) will become importers of these goods because they will have begun producing other new products. The duration of each stage of the cycle varies with the product and the type of management supporting it. Understanding the product life-cycle stages allows a company to fully take advantage of market opportunities by either establishing or protecting a competitive advantage through a long-lasting market presence. The main usiness reason for extending the product life-cycle would be to increase sales through longer existence in the marketplace. Certain consumers will embrace a product at different stages of the product life cycle so by extending each stage of the cycle, there is a better chance of exposure to the targeted consumer group. A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the personal computer. Stage one is considered the new product stage and this is where domestic production essentially begins. After a period of research and development, a new product is introduced to meet local (or national) needs. The product is created, produced and consumed in the domestic market and virtually no trade takes place. During the introduction phase, the innovating company does not know the extent to which a profitable market exists. For instance in the late 1970’s and into the early 1980’s, during the early stages of the personal computer, IBM and Apple pc’s were produced in the US and aimed for office and small business use. Personal computer use spread quickly throughout the domestic market as more and more households made purchases for increased personal productivity and gaming purposes. In stage two, the maturing product stage, domestic production peaks as the demand for the product significantly increases since the consumer base begins to acknowledge the product value. This stage is signified by a period of growth as sales and a rise in profits as mass-production techniques are developed and foreign demand expands (developed countries). At this stage the product is now exported to other developed countries and both domestic and foreign competitors emerge. A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. Based on production costs, manufacturing moves to other countries. As was the case with Apple PC’s, production in this stage moved out of the original facility and into manufacturing plants in California and Texas as well as distribution warehouses in both the US and the Netherlands. Stage three is the standardized product stage. This is when the market for the product stabilizes and domestic production declines. The product becomes more of a article of trade and companies are compelled to reduce manufacturing costs which is the main reason for moving production sites to countries with lower labor costs. As production moves to developing countries, in turn, they begin to export the product to developed countries. A product saturation phase is experienced as sales level off and the first signs of decline occur. In the personal computer industry, the US market low-priced brand-name imports from producers such as South Korea’s Hyundai and Samsung. Several Taiwanese manufacturers exported millions of personal computers both to the US and other countries, a large portion which are produced for foreign distributors. To contest this, Apple condensed their product line, expanded use of industry standard parts, outsourced component manufacturing and streamlined warehousing operations. There is a final stage of decline in which poorer countries constitute the only markets for the product and import competition is very strong. At this point, almost all declining products are produced in less developed countries. The PC is not necessarily a good example of decline, for one because there is a weak demand for computers in less developed countries, but rather an example of technology that is ever improving which would make earlier versions of computers and related software obsolete. Normally, a product may finally disappear from the market at this point, however, PC technology continue to improve. There is no threat of the PC disappearing, but certain versions will eventually become dinosaurs. . Explain Porter’s Diamond in terms of Nokia’s development as an international mobile telecom powerhouse. Michael Porter’s â€Å"theory of national competitive advantage† framework was the product of a study of patterns of comparative advantage among industrialized nations and looked at sources of competitive advantage from a national context. The diamond-shaped theory can be used to evaluate both a firms’ ability to function in a national market as well as a national markets’ ability to compete internationally. Porter’s theory of international trade comes from the interaction of four country- and firm-specific elements: 1. Factor conditions – this is a country’s legacy of production factors that affect its ability to compete on an international level such as human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, etc. Porter looks beyond the most basic factors of land, labor and capital to include the educational level of the workforce and the quality of the country’s infrastructure. 2. Demand conditions – demand in the home market helps the company to establish a competitive advantage. A highly developed domestic market will pressure a firm to innovate faster and to create more advanced products than those of competitors. When the domestic market for a particular product is larger locally than in foreign markets, the â€Å"home† firm will devote more attention to that product which leads to a competitive advantage when exporting begins. 3. Related and supporting industries – these related and supporting industries provide cost-effective inputs and participate in the process of upgrading which serves to stimulate other companies in the chain to innovate. When local supporting industries are competitive, the â€Å"home† firm experiences more cost-effectiveness and innovation. This effect is reinforced when the supporting industries (suppliers) are strong competitors as well. 4. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry – the way in which companies are created and managed are important for success. The presence of rivalry in the domestic market is important because it creates pressure to continually innovate in order to promote competitiveness. Other conditions that affect the diamond theory are: Government – obviously the government can influence the supply conditions of key productions factors, the demand conditions in the domestic market and the competition between domestic firms. The government can also intervene on several different levels (local, regional, national, international). -Chance – clearly, chance events will occur that are outside the control of the domestic firm. Chance is important because it can create or disrupt competitive positions. Porter’s Diamond in terms of Nokia Factor conditions: -Finland is one of the world’s most homogenous and stable societies as well as having very sophisticated consumers; -As a country, Finland has invested money into a strong educational system which gives them an excellent educational system with which to provide the necessary work force; -Finland has a uniform, market-oriented government; Nokia, with close ties to national government, has helped propel technology, legal issues and export opportunities. Finland as a whole has a national competitive strategy; -Substantial public investment in telecommunications-related RD which focuses on wireless technology; -Finland has a tradition of innovative engineering and telecom industry -Due to harsh physical and natural conditions, options for a land-based wired system was a very expensive option, making wireless digital systems a relative bargain for the same price; -Most of the population speaks English; -Finland was an early adopters of the internet and other wireless activities. Demand conditions: As mentioned in the Factor Conditions, a sparsely populated area supports adoption of wireless devices; -The weather and physical supports mobile phone over face-to-face conversations; -Nationally, a heavy usage of texting and other wireless message services; -Finland a test market for wireless applications; -Nordic Mobile Telephone created the world’s largest single mobile market. Related and Supporting industries: Huge RD spending by government and companies; Finland, as a whole, offers strong venture capital, and a strong manufacturer network; -Due to the nature and need of wireless communication, there is a high number of specialized companies due to fragmented market; -There are approximately 3,000 Finnish firms in telecom and IT related products and services; -There is a large local supply allowing for highly customized contributions Firm strategy, structure and rivalry: Significant historic reasons for highly competitive landscape within Finland; - A very strong export-centered commerce experience; Sturdy network and links between companies, banks and governments; -The Regional Development Agencies Act favors intense rivalry; -History of competition in telecommunications services throughout the 20th century; -Finland was early to deregulate in telecom-related industries; -A high number of telecom firms create an active local rivalry in wireless communications; -There is no monopoly on any of the value chain parts of telecom and a very healthy competition between companies; -European consumer demand (roaming, etc. ; Finland has been a part of the European Common Market since 1995. Other conditions that affect the Diamond Theory: Government oVery stable with a long-term view (low turn-over with 6-year terms); oStrong initiatives to improve national innovative capacity; oAssurance of technological neutrality; oOpen socialist economy; -Chance oConditions in Finland provided a unique medium for Nokia’s success. Creating, ma intaining and updating land-based wired communication networks can be very slow and very expensive which made wireless digital systems seem a virtual bargain. . What is Absolute Advantage and how does Intel’s global position in mircoprocessors reflect this? Adam Smith developed the theory of absolute advantage which asserts that one party (a nation, a firm, etc. ) benefits from manufacturing more output than others since it is possess a unique resource or commodity. This particular resource or commodity can be a certain method, a distinct knowledge or manufacturing process that increases production efficiency, and thus reduces the relative need for additional resources. The theory holds that different countries (or firms) produce some goods more efficiently than others based on those particular resources or commodities. Limitations to the theory exist if there multiple unique resources or commodities once the hypothesis expands to include multiple unique resources, the absolute would turn to a comparative advantage. Generally, in international trade, countries export goods/services when they have an absolute advantage in that product area and will import goods/services when another country (or firm) has the absolute advantage. Intel and Dell had a unique relationship in this regard – Intel had set the industry bar in terms of microprocessors and Dell, using Intel exclusively, became one of the strongest PC manufacturers in the world based on their distinctive marketing tool of â€Å"custom-made† computers. Both firms benefited from this relationship as they both had an absolute advantage on the items they produced. Further, according to the theory, if a country (or firm) has no absolute advantage in any product or service, no trade will occur. For instance, if both Intel and Dell manufactured microprocessors and PC hardware, no trade would exist between them – they would be direct competitors since no benefit would exist to either of them. A competitive advantage occurs when a firm acquires or develops a product or feature that allows it to outperform its competitors. To gain competitive advantage, the firm strategy is to manipulate that unique resource or commodity over which it has a direct advantage which gives them the ability to generate a competitive advantage. Superior performance outcomes and superiority in production resources reflects competitive advantage, and in doing so, gives a firm absolute advantage over an industry (or product). In the case of Intel’s global position in microprocessors, their strategy has been to continually introduce cutting-edge technology which ultimately means that consumers pay for the research and development of the speeds of new chips. It is a cyclical process, which demands more research and development of even faster, smaller products. The company does this to constantly renew consumer need which helps keep margins high. This business model of Intels can be compared to the auto industrys planned obsolescence. The introduction of new models means the previous model is not as good, or new, anymore. As such, consumers feel compelled to purchase the newest, latest, greatest product. The trends are pushed by more powerful applications, which in turn create the need for new stronger, faster microprocessors and other new generations of computer products. Here are some of the contributing factors in Intel’s absolute advantage in the microprocessing industry: 1. Distinct ability to draw a prevailing share of the markets attention Intel benefited from a very exclusive and significant relationship with Dell (â€Å"Intel Inside†) until May 2006. With Dell being a major player in the computer hardware market, they offered â€Å"custom-made† computers with an exclusive agreement to offer only Intel processors inside. 2. Capability to impose innovative obstacles which created more labor for any competition Not only did competitors already struggled to meet specs for the industry standards, they also experience issues keeping up with Intels production speed and product features. 3. Drive costs down and keep profits up – Intel was able to make its partners (and consumers) pay for this with an average selling price of over $150 a unit. PC makers had to accept this because at the time, Intel was only choice. 4. Strong reputation as the â€Å"reliable† standard – PC makers and consumers had not reason to look for alternative processors based on Intel’s innovation combined with the lack of reliable parts produced by competitors. 5. Economy of scale – Because the per unit cost of manufacturing depends on the size of the firm’s output, the larger the firm, the greater the scale of manufacturing benefits. Due to Intel’s economy of scale in the microprocessing industry, they could potentially monopolize the industry. Based on Intel’s strengths mentioned above as industry leaders (#2) as well as their ability to drive costs down while keeping profits up, Intel was untouchable and could manage to win any price war brought on by the competition. The Intel quality was also so high that the unreliable chips made by the competition almost, until recently, didn’t even create much of a price war since there wasn’t another game in town. 4. Explain Comparative Advantage? Then describe the development of India’s software industry and how it reflects one theory of competitive advantage. Comparative advantage theory is an international trade theory attributed to David Ricardo that indicates that firms or nations trade because they have superior productivity in a particular industry and can produce that particular good or service at lower marginal and opportunity costs than another party. In simple terms, this theory explains how trade can create value for two parties even if one party can produce all goods with fewer resources than the other. The thought being that each country can gain by specializing in the goods/services where it experiences this cost/efficiency advantage and trade that good/service for another where they do not posses the same advantage. Governments may attempt to counter comparative advantage by raising trade barriers, imposing high tariffs, and allowing newer and relatively uncompetitive industries ample time to become established. Comparative advantage is an appropriate theory to explain why particular countries export more services that support the global supply chain of both multinational enterprises and domestic firms. The source of a nations comparative advantage evolves from the mixture of its own factors of production such as availability of workforce, labor skills, access to capital, land and technology. For example, India is an excellent example of a country that has developed a highly efficient and low-cost software industry. This industry supplies not only the creation of custom software, but also call centers for customer support and other information technology services. The Indian software industry is composed of many subsidiaries of multinational corporations as well as independent companies. This question focuses on the rise of the software industry in India. As a relatively poor country, India in the past has not normally been thought of as a nation that is capable of building a major presence in a high-technology industry (e. g. , software). However, over the last decade or so, the Indian software industry has become an important force in the global software market. Among others, the main factors that have boosted India into this position are their large number of well-educated, English-speaking work force, a strong national work ethic coupled with technical experts who are paid only a fraction of the salary (including overhead) earned by U. S. counterparts. Additionally, the low cost of international telecommunication networks further enhances the comparative advantage of an Indian location for outsourcing. India has a comparative advantage in those services that are tradeable such as business process outsourcing and programming services. In looking at IBMs outsourcing and how it utilizes both a US workforce and an outsourced Indian workforce, it is important to identify the relative strengths of each. For the mainly technical aspects of the job, IBM realizes cost savings by using the Indian workforce. Since programming wages are low in India and the average productivity of Indian programmers is somewhat comparable to the productivity of US programmers, then India can potentially enjoy a comparative advantage in programming. For those aspects of the job specializing in knowledge of a clients business, the US workforce is well-matched to do the job. The complementary nature of these two separate workforces rose out of the need of IBM to compete in more than just one area in order to succeed. Utilizing the Indian workforces allows IBM to realize a cost savings that can be used in other areas of their business. India, on the other hand, benefits from the trade with IBM by realizing large employment in the country as well as a boost to the economy that will only help to continue developing the country. 5. Explain briefly the common patters of successful Japanese entry into global markets once dominated by US firms such as RCA, Xerox and GM. In the business world, an initial direct attack of a competitor is usually most advantageous to the defending company since the attacking company usually ends up spending an exorbitant amount of resources without ever actually reaching its goals. This is a prime description of certain large companies such as General Electric, Xerox and RCA back to the 1970’s when all of them waged war against IBM in the computer market. All suffered very heavy monetary losses and as a result, did not engage further in the computer industry. The gamble cost these companies devastating sums upward in the millions. A company’s objective is to make use of its resources in such a way that allows them to maximize the market share. Direct attacks don’t necessarily serve that purpose, but rather the indirect attack seems to be more successful. The successful market penetration by Japanese companies was facilitated by an indirect approach. As one example, Xerox was an established leader in the photocopier field and by the 70s ruled the copier market, controlling the majority of the markets share. However, within a decade, Japanese companies outwitted Xerox, and proceeded to follow suit in other industries (such as the auto industry) by launching indirect attacks on the smaller portion of the consumer base, and eventually swallowing up the entire market. The Japanese discovered that Xerox was marketing and supplying large copiers mainly to only large companies. That left millions of smaller companies using more local and less known supplies to meet their copying needs. These smaller companies couldn’t afford by purchase on the large scale of Xerox, nor did they have the physical space to store the industrial-size equipment. Enter the Japanese market with companies focusing on this weakness and entering the market focusing on the needs of the smaller organizations. Because there was no immediate effect on sales, Xerox took no notice of the market competition. As soon as the Japanese companies gained traction in this market, by focusing on the need of smaller products, lower prices, simplified technology, and distribution through office-supply dealers, tactics began to change as the Japanese continued to build upon their consumer base. The product ranges broadened with superior technology and more product choices. Towards the mid 80’s, the Japanese had made a considerable difference in the size of the market share, leaving Xerox behind and struggling. The Japanese business culture has seen significant success with a strategy of focusing in on an a smaller, overlooked, neglected, or emerging market segment and targeting in on the weaknesses of the competitor thereby gaining an advantage that affords a company the grip it needs to make gains in the market segment. Once that grip is found, the Japanese company consolidates their products position by mobilizing all resources and expanding into the rest of the market.