Nurse Staffing Essay Example for Free

Nurse Staffing Essay Adequate nurse staffing for patient care has been a major difficulty in the health care system . Patients’ acuity continues to grow at a fast rate while hospitals continue to struggle with the adequate number for nurse-to-patient ratio, leaving nurses in a very difficult situation while trying to provide the best care possible to their patients. The low nurse-to-patients ratio can be remedied when public and private hospitals realize the negative impact on the outcome of care. This paper will try to point out the negative effects of low nurse-to-patient ratio has on outcome of care. Like other professions that continue to face obstacles, nursing has its own obstacles that it must face from time to time. The world population increases so will the obstacles that nursing will have to face, but good administration can be used to defend the work conditions under which nurses are forced to work. Many studies have been done to point out the problem, with a pile of evidence to support the need to alleviate the burden on the nurses but to no avail. A study conducted in the Chinese hospital by Zhu, You, et al. (2012). Nurse Staffing Levels Make a Difference on Patient Outcomes: A Multisite Study in Chinese Hospitals proved, â€Å"more nursing staff per patient had statistically significant positive effects on all necessary nursing care, nurses’ reports of quality of care, their confidence on patients’ self-care ability on discharge from hospital, patient adverse events, as well as patients’ report of satisfaction (Zhu, You, et al, 2012, p. 266)†. The study was composed of 181 hospitals across mainland China. The sample that was used was 31provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions with level 3 hospitals. To show the strength of the study, the researchers applied statistics to prove their results. As much as the hospitals may not see the need to improve on the nurse to patient problem, the evidence is there. It is something that must be dealt with because it is dangerous to both nurses and patients. Further studies were also conducted on the problem by Nantsupawat A, Srisuphan W, et al. (2011). Impact of nurse work Environment and Staffing on Hospital Nurse and Quality of care in Thailand. This study was to prove the impact of nursing staffing on the work environment, the cause of burnout and the impact on quality of care in Thailand. Research elements was secondary data analysis of 2007 Thai Nurse Survey. The study took place at 13 general and regional hospitals in Thailand using a â€Å"multistage sampling†. Nurses were asked demographic questions about themselves both general and regional hospitals. Results shown the ratio of patient to nurse was 10:1. Nurses who worked in hospitals with fair patient to nurse ratio had less burnout. The study has great significance in nursing practice and can be used as proof to show the impact of high patients to nurses ratio. It was found that nurses in Thailand work environment have high burnout and great dissatisfaction of nurses. Nurse to patient is very low with a total of 1:10 per shift. At times, a nurse ended-up having to care for more patients. The high patients to nurse ratio brought with it adverse outcomes on patients’ care and place the patients at high risk of occurrences such as: mistaken one patient for another, patient falls, medication errors, pressure ulcers, and urinary tract infection. Furthermore, in the study conducted by Cho, June, Kim, et al (2009). Nurse staffing, quality of nursing care and nurse job outcomes in intensive care units. This study measured the proportion number of patients to nurse. As per the authors of the article, â€Å"nurses were more likely to rate quality of care as high when they care for two or fewer patients (odd ratio, 3. 26; 95% confidence interval, 1. 14-9. 31) or 2. 0-2. 5 patients (odd ratios, 2. 44; 95% confidence interval, 1. 32-4. 52), compared with having more than three patients (Cho, June, Kim, et al,, 2009, p. 1729)†. The research use for its design a â€Å"cross-sectional study with survey. Its method included 1365 nurses from 65 intensive care units in 22 hospitals in Korea, using â€Å"A Multilevel logistic regression model†. Two indicators were used, which are the number of patients for each nurse on the ward and the way the staff viewed adequate staffing. The research took place in the ICU units. Hence, the study also reported that in table #4 in the Sole ICU, there were largest number of patient 2. 8 + or – 0. 4 ( Cho, June, Kim, et al, 2009, p. 1733)†. What is proven is that when the ratio of nurses increases and the patient’s one decreases, there is a higher quality of care that takes place on the unit. This study has great significance to nursing and patient care, because nurses here in the U.  S often have similar complaints. In addition, the study from Manojlovich Sidani (2007). Nurse Dose: What’s in a concept. This is a pathway that the authors believed could alleviate the problem of nurse to patient ratio. The study provided an understanding between the link of nursing care and outcome of care. As stated by Manojlovich Sidani (20097), â€Å"by clarifying the conceptual and operational definitions of nurse dose, we offer a unified view of the inter-relationships among variables, with the goal of advancing research on nurse staffing and patient outcome (p. 11)†. With this concept of â€Å"Nurse Dose† future nurse staffing may greatly improve. Furthermore, in the research conducted by Al-Kandari Thomas (2008). Perceived Adverse patient outcomes correlated to nurses’ workload in medical and surgical of selected hospitals in Kuwait. It is understood that the proportion of patient to nurse ratio plays a vital part on the outcomes of care. The study shown that there is clear correlation that exist between the work load of the nursing staff and the outcomes of care. The research elements utilized for this study was â€Å"across-sectional survey conducted between RNs on medical and surgical units in five governmental hospitals. The result shown three major faulty outcomes were reported by nurses from their previous shift which were patients’ complaints and family concerns. The limitation of this study reports were only from the nurses on the units and future researches would need further details (Al-kandari Thomas, 2007, p. 589). It is impossible for nurses to give adequate care and expect good outcomes when nurses are stocked with non-nursing tasks to do. It was found that patients and families and medication miss dose were the two primary outcomes that added on the nurses’ workload. Second, occurrences tend to increase on the units as the workload of the nurses increased, and non-nursing tasks heavily impacted the workload of the nurses in Kuwait. The study shown great relevance to nursing practice, because it shows that hospitals need to employ other people to carry out non-nursing duties on the unit such as clerical work; which would alleviate the workload from nurses responsibilities. Hence, the article Relationships between Registered Nurse Staffing, Processes of Nursing Care, and Nurse-Reported patient outcomes in Chronic Hemodialysis Units by Thomas- Hawkins, Flynn, Clarke (2008) shown the importance of a high nurse to patient ratio in hemodialysis units. The authors reported in hemodialysis units, â€Å"higher RN staffing levels have lower odds of experiencing skipped dialysis treatments (Hawkins-T, Flynn, Clarke, 2008, p. 124)†. The study shows that it is to the benefits of the patients when there is a higher nurse to patient ratio on hemodialysis units because, patient will less likely experience any untoward events that are associated with the side effects of hemodialysis therapy. The study utilized a â€Å"cross-sectional method† for data collection which focused on the hemodialysis patient population. The study demonstrated the importance of having a high nurse to patient ratio in dialysis units. The higher the nurses to patient ratio, the less occurrences the patients will experience during hemodialysis treatment. The research used a type of questionnaire in order to find the most accurate adverse events that took place in the dialysis units. The limitations of this study was conducted with nurses who belong to an organization, the adverse patients’ outcomes were gathered from the nurses’ reports. The findings from this research were as follow: the nurse staffing levels played a significant role on patients’ outcomes during treatment. The ratio between patients and nurses is high, and each nurse had a patient load that consisted of 12 patients and sometimes more. This study has very good relevance to nursing practice due the fact that it shed light on a particular unit because it is a specialized unit. The study also demonstrated the importance of having professional RNs to perform such duties. Nurse staffing levels and Nursing outcomes: A Bayesian analysis, of Finnish-registered nurse survey data by Tero-h, Kiviniemi, et al (2009). Journal of Nursing Management, 17, 986-993. This report pointed out the impact of high patients to nurse ratio have on the nurses and their performance on the unit. Therefore, it is inevitable this kind of nurse staffing would bring negative patients’ outcomes. The design of this study used a survey of date collection from RNs in 46 units at five hospitals. The study found that many elements were contributed to occurrences on the unit such as mortality, failure to rescue, had a very closed correlation to the number of patients to nurse ratio. The study relates significantly to nursing, because it displayed the stress levels that nurses experienced due to heavy patient load assignment. Macphee, Ellis, McCutcheon (2005). Nurse Staffing and patient Safety. The Canadian Health Services Research foundation. This article brought up evidences of events that may occur in relation to lower nurse patient ratio. It is evident that with a lower nurse to patient ratio, patients are at greater risk of adverse outcomes such as increased rate of mortality, nosocomial infections. It is also proven that with a higher nurse to patient ratio, incidents can be greatly reduced. The study utilized sets of data collected from other researches. No specific population group was chosen for this research but the impact of having high patient to nurse ratio were strongly presented. The article displayed its use to the nursing practice with enough substantial facts. Ke-p. (2003) Relationships between Nurse Staffing and Patient Outcomes. Journal of Nursing Research, 11(3). The study was conducted on a medical –surgical unit in Taiwan with analyzed data from a â€Å"descriptive and multivariate inferential statistics†. The rational of this study was to demonstrate the co-relation that exised between high patients to nurse ratio and its impact on patient care outcomes. The results of this study were astounding. It was found that acquired infections, falls, pressure ulcers were the outcome results of inappropriate nurse to patient ratio. This study definitely has very good relevance to nursing practice. Curtin L. (2003). An Integrated Analysis of Nurse Staffing and Related Variables: Effect on Patient Outcomes. Online Journal of Issues in nursing, 8(3), 10913734. In this his study, the author shows a good co-relation between nurse staffing and the outcomes of care on medical patients. He also pointed out an increase in nurse staffing, that was associated with a reduction of 3 to 12 % in occurrences on the hospitals units. (Curtin, 2003). Here again it shows that the greater is the nurse to patient ratio, the better the outcome. Although, this study did not use a specific design, but the analysis it used shows the importance of having a low patient to nurse ratio. Therefore, it is vital for the hospitals to realize the great pain that are imposed on patients and nurses. It is time to remedy the problem. Aiken L. (2010). Safety In numbers: A mandatory minimum nurse to patient ratio improves outcome. Nursing Standard, 24(44). The author reported, â€Å"International Hospital Outcomes Study revealed that in England and the United States, hospitals with higher nurse staffing levels had lower mortality rates, nurse job dissatisfaction and burnout (Aiken, 2010, p. 2)†. The study was conducted in five different countries which survey 22,000 RNs in 604 hospitals in California, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. It was found that nurse in California and the two other states that are closed to California with similar staffing mandatory rules had decreased their workload subsequently providing better care. Duffield C, et al. (2010). Staffing, Skill mix and the model of care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 2242-2251 dio: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2702. 2010. 03225. The study design was based on secondary analysis collection of data on selected medical/surgical units in 19 hospitals in South Wales, Australia. The experienced nurses worked during the night while the least experienced nurses worked day or evening shift. The limitation of this study was that skill mix RNs was beneficial to outcomes, but the number of years of experience on a unit were not studied. (Duffield, et al, 2010, pp. 2246, 2249)†. The relevance of this study to nursing was that it shows how a unit can benefit from having different levels of experienced skill nurses give care to patients. Sidani S, Manojlovich M, Covell C. (2010). Nurse Dose: Validation and Refinement of a Concept. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice: An international Journal, 24(3), dio: 10. 1891/154-6577. 24. 3. 159. The study used â€Å"Anonexperrimental, modified survey† a questionnaire was used with four sections that participants used to answer the questions. The targeted population was nurse researchers who are experts in services related to healthcare (p. 163)†. The result of this study shows how important it is for nurses to spend time with their patients to bring an effective outcome. The study shows great significance of this study in nursing. Welton JM. 2007). Mandatory hospital nurse to patient staffing ratios: Time to take a different approach. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 12(3). (13p) (52 ref) This article did not show a specific design that was used. The article stressed another component of the problem, the fact that hospitals are being pressured to increase their staffing without any reimbursement. The article presented two arguments one for and the other against the problem. As a result, hospitals diminished their staff from other area which helped them to compensate for the deficit. Although the acuity of patients continue to rise, hospitals failed to increase nurse to patient levels to enable good outcomes. Currie V, Gill V, et al. (2005). Relationship between quality of care, staffing levels, skill mix and nurse autonomy: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 51(1) 73-82. Using a â€Å"cross-sectional analysis design and magnet hospitals, the article poke through between the problem of patient to nurse ratio and the level of occurrences such as, mortality and failure to rescue. The findings were that units with higher nurse to patient ratio experienced lower occurrences. Yes, the article did prove its significance into nursing and patient care. In conclusion, studies are not always conclusive on a particular problem or issue. Further studies are often needed to shed new light on the problem. Hospitals have their parts to play in order to bring a higher nurse to patient ratio to fruition. It still remains that nurses have the responsibility to provide safe and effective nursing care to their patients, regardless of the environment. As a reminder, nursing is a humanistic profession, and its aim has always and will continue to focus on human needs, without regard to ratios. Nonetheless, nurses own it to themselves to be steadfast and never to soften their stand on their demands. Nurses to patient ratio is of utmost importance in the health care and patient outcomes depend on safe nursing staff. It is undeniably true that most professions are facing their own obstacles, and nursing is no different. Nursing has its own obstacles that it has been fighting and must continue to fight for, but a higher nurse to patient ratio is a must win fight, because the end result will be good patients’ care.

International Business From Islamic Perspective

International Business From Islamic Perspective International Business has always played a vital role in the economic and social of all people through the ages. Muslim as a part of contemporary world, and cannot be exception from this rule. Their religion (Islam) not only permits them, but also encourages them to do business. The prophet Muhammad (pbub) (the Messenger of Islam) himself was a full-time business man for a considerable period of time. However, contemporary Muslim find themselves confronted with serious dilemmas, because they didnt follow their constitution, which are Quran and Sunna .This Qurans emphasis on justice in general and maintenance of straight balance in practical is evident from forceful and oft-repeated injunctions. This study will try to collect some brightness efforts from implementing Islamic rules and standers in international business. 1.2 The purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to recognize Islamic banking as the main contribution in international business and how this contribution adds significant solution to world banking problems 1.3 Methodology: In this project the methodology depends on several references such as books, articles in journals, websites, and magazines. .Chapter Two Literature review: 2.0 The Fundamental of an Islamic Business System The basic frame work for an Islamic business system is a set of rules and laws. Collectively referred to as shariah, governing economic, social, political, and culture aspects of Islamic societies. Shariah originates from the rules dictated by the Quran and its practices, and explanations from Sunnah by the prophet Muhammad. Further elaboration of the rules is provided by scholars in Islamic jurisprudence within the framework of the Quran and Sunnah. (Saeed, M . Ahmed, Zr . Mukhtar, S 2001) This framework clarifies the prohibition of interest. Prohibition of riba, a term of literally meaning an excess and interpreted as any unjustifiable increase of capital whether in loan or sales is the central tenet of the system. More precisely, any positive, fixed predetermined rate tied to the maturity and the amount of principle is considered riba and is prohibited. The general consensus among Islam scholars is that riba cover not only usury but also the changing of interest as widely practiced. This prohibited is based on argument as social justice, equity, and property right. Islam encourages the earning of profit but forbids the charging of interest because profits, determined ex post, symbolize successful entrepreneurship and creation of additional wealth where as interest, determined ex ante, is a cost that is accrued irrespective of the outcome of business operations and may not create wealth if there are business losses. Social justice demands that borrowers and the lender share rewards as well as losses in an equitable fashion and that the process of wealth accumulation and distribution in the economy be fair and representative of true productivity. Risk sharing. Because interest is prohibited, suppliers of funds become investors instead of creditors. The provider of financial capital and the entrepreneur share business risks in return for shares of the profits. Money as potential capital is treated as actual capital only when it joins hand with other resources to un dertake a productive activity. Islam recognizes the time value of money, but only when it acts as capital, not when it is potential capital. Prohibition of speculative behavior. An Islamic financial system discourages hoarding prohibits transactions featuring extreme uncertainties, gambling and risks. Sanctity of contracts. Islam upholds contractual obligation and the disclosure of information as a sacred duty. This feature is intended to reduce the risk of asymmetric information and moral hazard. Shariah-approved activities. Only those business activities that do not violate the rules of shariah qualify for investment. (Saeed, M . Ahmed, Zr . Mukhtar, S 2001) Some of the more popular instruments in Islamic business markets are trade with markup or cost-plus sale (murabaha). One of the most widely used instruments for short-term financing is passed on the traditional nation of purchase finance. The investor undertakes to supply specific goods or commodities, incorporating a mutually agreed contact for resale to the client and a mutually negotiated margin. Profit-sharing agreement (mudaraba). This is identical to an investment fund in which managers handle a pool of funds. The agent-manager has relatively limited liability while having sufficient incentives to perform. The capital is invested in broadly defined activities, and the terms of profit and risk sharing are customized for each investment. The maturity structure ranges from short to medium term and is more suitable for trade activities. 2.1 The Principle of Islamic banking: The principle of Islamic banking is based essentially on the premise that interest, which is strictly forbidden in Islam, is neither a necessary nor a desirable basis for the conduct of banking operation, and that Islamic teachings provide a better foundation for organizing the working of banks. Muslim economists have pointed out that it is a historical accident that interest has become the kingpin of modern banking. The practice of interest has been condemned by foremost thinkers in human history and by all biblical religions. Aristotle dwelt on the barren nature of money and vehemently condemned the institution of interest which describe as birth money from money. ( Abeng, T 1997) Under Judaism, Israelites were forbidden to demand any increase on the principle amount of the sum lent in transactions among themselves, though interest could be charged in dealing between Israelites and gentiles. The reason for his distinction, according to many scholars of Judaism, was that there was no law at that time among the gentiles which prohibited the practice of interest and it was no regarded as unfair that Jews be allowed to recover interest from people who charged interest from them. Among the followers of Islam, the institution of interest has always been regarded as highly ignoble because the Holy of Quran strictly forbidden interest based transaction in all form. In the early history of Islam the injunction relating to prohibition of interest was strictly observed, but with the decline of the hold of religion and spread of western influence, financial practices based on interest began to permeate Muslim societies as well. In the period of colonial domination of Musl im countries by western power, the interest based system became solidly entrenched. Muslim scholars argue which has led to the resent -day dominance of interest in financial transactions all over the globe.( Abeng, T 1997) Muslim scholars recognize the important role banks play in the economy of the country in the modern time. Banking institutions act as financial intermediaries between savers and investors. They can be of significant help in assisting the process of capital formation and development. 2.2 Non Muslim countries interesting with Islamic banking serve The achievements of Islamic banking through world crises encourage many non Islamic countries demand to apply this vision by institutionalized use of Islamic modes of deposit mobilization and financing, if not full flagged Islamic banking; in quit a few non Islamic countries. Thus Islamic financial institutes exist in so far a part as Australia, Denmark, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Philippine, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom and United State of America. Apart of these there are a number of nun -Islamic financial institution in non-Muslim countries which offer Islamic finances services for their Muslim clients. There is a good deal of controversy, however, about the financial services being offered by such institutions being in fully conformity with Shariah requirements. Chapter Three 3.0 The impact of Islamic Banking on economic system The culture of Islamic banking has magnificent affect in several dimensions of economic system, which are saving, investment, rate and percentage of growth. These elements have major rule for economic system stability. 3.0.0 Effects on saving and investment Islamic economy has pointed out that standard economic does not yield a definitive conclusion regarding the effect of increased uncertainty of rate of return on the quantum of saving. The actual out come would depend on a number of factors such as the form of utility function and its risk aversion, the degree to which future is discounted, whether or not increased risk is compensated by higher return, and the income and substitution effects of increased uncertainty. It has further been argued that the move to an Islamic interest free system, under cretin conditions, could lead to increase rates to return on saving. Consequently, the increased level of uncertainty that could result from adoption (Profit/loss sharing) (PLS) based system could be compensated unchanged or perhaps even leading to an increase in saving. Muslim economists expect PLS based banking to exercise favorable effect on the level of investment. Both the demand for investment PLS based banking. The demand for investment funds is likely to increase as a fixed coast of capital is no longer required to be met as a part of the firm profit calculations. The marginal product of capital can be taken up to the point where maximum profits are obtained without the constraint of meeting a fixed coast of capital. The supply of investment funds is likely to increase as PLS based banking is enable to undertake the financing of a large number of risky projects on account of an enhanced risky absorbing capacity. 3.0.1 The impact on Rate and Pattern of growth The expected favorable effect of PLS based banking on the level of investment world impart a pronounced growth orientation to the economy, the increased availability of risk capital under the Islamic system would promote technological innovation and experimentation which would be another favorable factor for growth. Islamic banks are also expected to influence the pattern of growth through appropriate selectivity in their financial operations to ensure that the process of growth is broad based and an optimal use for bank resources. 3.0.2 The impact on Allocative efficiency The financial system based on an Islamic frame work of profit sharing would be more efficient in allocating resources as compared to the conventional interest based system. This position is defended on the basic the general proposition that nay financial development that causes investment alternative to be compared to one another, strictly based on their productivity and rate of return, is bound to produce allocative environment, and such a proposition is the cornerstone of the Islamic financial system. Muslim economists do not deny that investment efficiency requires the use of discounting to take proper care of the time dimension of costs and benefits. They emphasize that non-existence of interest does not mean that discounting as a technique of computing the present value of future cash flows cannot be used in an interest free economy. It has father been pointed out that interest rate is not proper discount factor under conditions of uncertainty, the rate of return on equity is the proper discount rate. Science the real world is a world of uncertainty and since no real investment in any economy can be undertaken without facing risk, cash flow of such investment should be discount not by a riskless interest rate but by the true opportunity cost of venture capital. 3.0.3 Consequences for the Stability of the Banking System The literature of Islamic banking that switch over from interest based on PLS based banking would import greater stability to the banking system .there is no assurance on the assets side that all the loan and advances will be covered, shocks on the asset that all the loan and advances will be covered. Shocks on the assets side, therefore, load to a divergence between assets and liabilities, and the banking system can suffer a loss of confidence in the process, leading crises. In the PLS based system, the mineral value of investment deposited is not guaranteed and shocks to the assets position are promptly absorbed in the value of investment deposits. This minimizes the risk of bank failure and enhances the stability of the banking system. 3.0.4 Effects on the Stability of the Economic System The replacement of interest in the Islamic banking system is PLS, that eliminate the interest couple with other institutional feature of the Islamic economy , will tend to enhance stability , the interest in the financial bank depends on debt, which is the main reasons for instability in capital economy . Its easy to see, for example how the interest based system intensifies business reason. As soon as banks find that business concerns are beginning to incur losses, they reduce assistance and call back loans, as a result of which some firms have to close down. This increases unemployment resulting in further reduction in demand, and the infection spreads. Islamic bank on the other hand, are prepared to share in losses in which reduces the severity of business recession and enables the productivity enterprise to tide over difficult period without shutdown. Islamic banking has to be regarded as a promoter of stability rather than a conduit of instability. 3.1 The practice of Islamic banking The Islamic banking movement began on a modest scale in the early sixties. The earliest experiment in Islamic banking took place in the most cases on individual initiative with governments playing a more or less passive role. The later growth of the Islamic banking movement has been significantly helped by the encouragement provide by the government of a number of Muslim countries. The establishment of Islamic banks in banking legislation. It should be mentioned that changes in banking legislation effected in certain countries to facilitate the working of Islamic banks are not intended to confer any special advantages on these banks vis-Ã  -vis the conventional banks. The measures are in fact designed to remove some of the handicaps from which Islamic banks suffer in conducting their operations in an economy where interest based transaction dominate the scene. (Saidi,T.2008) Two different approaches are discernible in regard to the adoption of Islamic banking practices. In a number of countries Islamic banks have been started on private initiative. The governments of these countries have not committed themselves to the abolition of interest, and Islamic banks exist side by side with interest based banks. Pakistan and Iran are following a different approach aimed at economy wide elimination of interest. In Sudan, where Islamic banks co-existed with interest based banks for long time, the government has now opted for economy wide Islamization of banking. This section of the paper reviews the trends in the practice of Islamic banking in both the setting. It also takes note of activities of the Islamic Development bank, which is an international development financing institution working in shariah principles, the banking services by conventional banks in certain Muslim countries. 3.2 Individual entities for Islamic bank practices There are now fifty Islamic banking institution operating in different countries encompassing most of the Muslim world. Two major international holding companies, namely, the Dar al-Mal al-Islami Trust and AL-Baraka Group control a number of Islamic banks Most other have been established by associations of individual sponsors. In some banks there is also a certain amount of government participation in their capital Islamic banks conduct their banking operation under shariah principles. Almost all of them have Shariah Supervisory boards as part of their organizational structure. The function of Shariah Supervisory board is to ensure the compatibility of all the operations of Islamic banks with requirements of Shariah . (Saidi,T.2008) Islamic banks accept both demand deposits and saving and time deposits. Demand deposits are treated as Qard al Hasnah .The bank is given permission to use the deposit amount at its direction but with guarantee of returning the full principle amount on demand. Saving deposits are differentiated from demand deposits as they are subject to certain restriction with respect to the amount that can be withdrawn from such accounts at any one time and the periodicity of such withdrawals. Some Islamic banks accept saving deposit deposits on PLS basis while others do not pay any return on these deposits and guarantee the principle amount. Time deposits are accepted by Islamic banks PLS sharing biases and generally known as investment account. The investment deposits of Islamic banks can have different maturity periods. The return on investment deposit is specified as percentage of total profits in most case, but in most cases the percentage return varies with the length of the period for which the deposits are made. Apart from limited period deposits, some Islamic banks also accept unlimited period investment deposited. In this case, the period of deposit is not specified and the deposits are automatically renewed unless a notice of termination of deposits is given of a mutually agreed of a mutually agreed time interval. Some Islamic banks also have specific investment accounts in which deposits are made for investment in particular project. The return to depositors in these accounts depends on the outcome of these particular projects and the ratio of the profit sharing agreed between the bank and the depositors. Islamic banks operating in different countries are using a combination of the different financing techniques permissible in shariah . However , most of them lean heavily on Murabahah in their operations. This is for two main reasons. Their orientation mainly is towered short term financing of trade transaction for which Murabahah appear to be more convenient devices compared to the system of PLS. Secondly, they are in competition with interest based banks and are therefore anxious to earn at least as much on their environment as will enable them to given return roughly comparable to prevailing interest rate to their investment account holders. This is easier to achieve by engaging in Murabahah transaction as the mark-up can be fixed in a manner which less assure the required return. On the other hand, considerable uncertainty attaches to earnings under a system of PLS sharing as the outcome depends on the operating of various business units which are subject to the usual business haz ards. Excepting the three countries where Islamization of the banking system has taken place on an economy wide basis, Islamic banks in other countries are at a considerable disadvantage in facing the competition with conventional banks as they cannot avail of the facilities of the money market which operates on the basic interest. This forces them to work with much higher liquidity ratios which have implications for their profitability. Islamic banks also face a number of problems in investing their funds internationally as they cannot take advantage of the facilities of the Eurocurrency market and the Eurobond market which offer ready investment outlets for conventional banks. Islamic banks have generally a good track record of profitability. Like conventional banks, Islamic banks also have had problems in the recovery of their due during periods of business recession or suffered loses in some investment which did no pay off but these have not grown to any crises. The Dar Al-Mal Al-Islami, which is a holding company for a large number of Islamic banks, did suffer operating losses in 1983 and 1984, and Kuwait finance House had a bad year in 1984 when neither the shareholders nor the depositors received a return on their capital. However, both these institution recovered from the set back in 1985 and showed good profits. There are course substantial differences in the performance and the profitability of individual institution within the Islamic banking community but this is not surprising because operating conditions and business environment differ widely from country to country. Chapter Four 4.0 Example of Islamic banking in Islamic countries We will spotlight on some Islamic countries like Iran, Pakistan and Sudan. To know their experiences with Islamic Banking. 4.0.0 Iran and Islamic banking A new law was enacted in Iran in August 1983 to replace interest based banking by interest free banking. The new required the banks to convert their deposits to an interest free basis within one year, and their operations within three years, from the date of the passage of the law, and specified the types of transactions that must constitute the basis fro asset and liability acquisition by banks. The law also specified the responsibilities of the central bank under the new system and the mechanics of its control over the banking system. (Roy, D 2010) The law allowed the banks to accept to types of deposits, Quard al Hasanah deposits and term investment deposits. The Quard al Hasanah deposits comprise of current as well as saving account which differ in their operational rules. The holders of current and saving accounts are guaranteed the safety of their principle amount and are not entailed to any contractual return. However , banks are permitted to provide incentive to depositors through Grant of prizes in cash or kind Reduction in or exemption from service charges or agents fees payable to banks. According priority in the use of banking facilities. Holders of term investment deposits are entitled to receive return, depending on the profitability of the project in which these funds are invested. The law allows the banks to undertake and repayment of the principle amount of terms of investment. The law provides various modes of operation upon which the financing transactions of kinds must be based. Banks are obliged to earmark a portion of their resources for grant of Quard al Hasanah to help achieve the socioeconomic objectives set out in the constitution of the country. Beside Quard al Hasanah , banks are authorized to extend financial assistance for predictive venture on PLS basis in accordance with the principle of Mudarabah and Musharakah . Banks are allowed to provide part of the capital of a new joint stock company and also to purchase share of the existing joint stock companies. Banks are authorized to provide working capital financing to productive unites by purchasing new materials, spare parts and other items on their request for sale to them on the basis of deferred payment in installment. Purchasing of machinery and equipment for sale to their clients on deferred payment basis is also allowed. Another mode is called Salaf which is used for meeting working capit al requirements through advance purchase of output. Banks can engage in lease-purchase transaction. In the new set up, the central bank of the country has been given wide authority to control and supervise the operations of the countrys banks. While it continues to have many of the erstwhile credit control weapons which do not involve Riba, it has been endowed with new instrument of control to regulate the interest free operations of the banks. These include power to determine Minimum and maximum expected rates of return from various facilities to the banks. Minimum and maximum profit shares for banks in their Mudarabah and Musharakah activities. Maximum rates of commission the banks can charge for investment accounts for which they serve as trustees. Studies on Islamic banking experience of Iran have pointed out that no attempt has been made so far to Islamize the international banking and financial operations. Government continues to borrow from banks on the based of fixed rate of return. It has also been pointed out that some practices in Iran are not variance with the practice of Islamic banking in other countries. 4.0.1 Sudan and Islamic banking The aim of this economy wide Islamize of the banking system in Sudan has not been smooth and steady. The first attempt to Islamize the entire banking system was made 1984 when a presidential decree was issued directing all commercial banks to stop interest based dealing with immediate effect and to negotiate the conversion of their then existing interest bearing deposits and advances into Islamically acceptable form. Foreign transactions were allowed to be continued on the basis of interest for the time being. It is reported that this sudden change forced the banks to adopt the nearest Islamic alternative available that is Murabahah which soon constituted 90 percent of their financial operations. Its also reported Islamic system only formally in their ledger books and in the reports submitted to the central bank of the country. Policy makers in the central bank were also discontented with the procedure of transforming the banking system. They considered it as a mere political decisio n imposed by the government without being preceded is adequate detailed study. This experiment which economy wide Islamization of banking system came to end in 198 with the charge in government. The government which is presently in power had decided on the economy wide Islamization of the banking system once again, and newspaper reported indicate that the effort is much more earnest and much better organized this time. (Roy, D 2010) 4.0.2 Pakistan and Islamic banking The process of economy wide Islamization of the banking system in Pakistan was initiated soon after declaration by the president of Pakistan in 1979 that government planning to remove interest from the economy within period of three years and that a decision had been taken to make a beginning in this direction with the elimination of the interest from the operation from House Building Finance corporation, National Investment Trust and mutual funds of he investment corporation of Pakistan. Within a few months of this announcement, these specialized finical institutions took the necessary steps to reorientation their activities on a non interest basis was a much more complex task and took a longer time span. To begin with, step were taken in 1981 to set up separate counters for accepting deposits on PLS basis in all the domestic braches of the five nationalized commercial banks. The parallel system, in which savers had the option to keep their money in the bank either in the interestin g bearing deposits or PLS deposits, continued to operate till the end of 1985. As the first 1985, no banking company is allowed to accept any interest bearing deposits except foreign currency deposits which continue to earn interest. As loss of that banking company accepted deposits in current account on which no interest or profit is given and whose capital sum is guaranteed. The central bank of the country has issued instructions specifying twelve modes of financing in which funds mobilized by the banks can be employed. These are broadly classified into three groups: loan financing Trade related mode of financing Investment mode of financing. Loan financing takes the form either Qard Al-Hasan given on compassionate grounds free of any interest or service charge or of loan with a service charge not exceeding the proportionate cost of the operation. (Roy, D 2010) Trade related modes of financing include: Purchase of goods by banks and their sale to clients. Purchase of trade bills. Purchase of movable or immovable property. Leasing. Hire-purchase. Financing for development of property on the basis of a development charge. Investment modes of financing include: Equity participation and purchase of shares Purchase of participation term certification. Rent sharing The central bank of the county ahs been authorized to fix the minimum annual rate of profit which banks should keep in view while considering proposals for provision of financing, and maximum rate of profit they may earn, theses rate may be changed from time to time. It has also been laid down that should lose occur, they must be shared by all the financiers in proportion to the respective finances provided by them. To safeguard the banks against delays and defaults in repayment by parties obtaining finance from them, a new law called the Banking Tribunals ordinance was promulgated in 1984. The tribunals set up under the radiance are required to dispose of all cases within the ninety days of filing the complaint. Appeals can be filled in the high court within thirty days but the decrial amount has to be deposited with high court appeal. 4.0.3 Islamic Development Bank The Islamic Development Bank, established in 1975, is an international financial institution whose purpose is to foster the economic development and social progress of member countries and Muslim communities individually as well as jointly in accordance with principles of Shariah. It has 47 members and a subscribe capital of 2028.74 million Islamic dinar. The functions of the bank are to participate in the equity capital and grant loans for productive project in member countries and to provide financial assistance in other form for economic and social development. The bank is also required to establish and operate special funds for specific purpose including fund for Muslim communities in non-member countries. The bank authorized to accept deposit and to raise fund in any manner. It is also charged with the responsibility of assisting in the promotion of foreign trade, especially in capital goods, among member countries, providing technical assistance to member countries, extending training facilities for personal engaged in development activities and undertaking research for enabling the economic, financial and banking activities in Muslim counties to conform to the Shariah . (Roy, D 2010) The cumulative financing approved by the bank since its inception till the end of 1991-1992 amounted to 9389.13 million Islamic dinar. Foreign trade financing, based on Murabahah, has accounted for the bulk of the total resources providing by the bank to its members. It accounted for 72.5 present of total financing. Loans provided on the basis of a service charge accounted for 8.2 percent while leasing and installment sales accounted for 5.3 percent and 6.3 percent of total financing respectively. Equity participation accounted for 2.2 percent of total financing while the assistance provide through profit sharing accounted for2.0 percent of total financing. Equity participation and profit sharing are regarded as the chief distinguishing features of Islamic financing and banking. It is disappointed to note that, they have so far played very financing operations of Islamic development bank. The over-anxiety of the bank in it initial years to expand the network of equity financing to cover as many of its member countries as possible, lack of sufficient professional expertise in the bank to undertake an adequate appraisal of the project and to pursue the task of vigorous follow up of it equity investment, delay in the implementation of the projects financed by the bank, marketing difficulties and currency devaluation have been cited as the main factors responsible for this situation 4.1 Analysis the role of commercial banks in increase debts Commercial banks is the banks that depends on interest to increase there profits. To achieve his object, they do maximum to attract clients to register in these facilitates, that have different shapes. By the affect of advertising, many people try to achieve their goals by magic solution which is loan. Also there is another promotion from these banks to attract customers which a

Leadership Mid Term :: Free Essay Writer

Leadership Mid Term Midterm Examination The most important thing in a group is to get the job done. Many things can help or hinder the groups overall productivity. There are three things all groups must be conscious of, group development, group think and leadership teams. All these areas determine weather a group will sink or swim, while completing the task. The first and most important is group development. Group development is something that every group must go through. It is easily explained by using Cog’s Ladder of group development, five stages of group development: Polite, why were here, bid for power, constructive, and Esprit. These stages outline the path that all groups go through to form their identity. The way your group develops can often determine your actions and your comparative status amongst the other group members. (notes) The first stage is POLITE this happens when you are first placed into a group, everyone is trying to avoid conflict. All people in this stage just want to be liked and feel accepted in the group. The next stage is WHY WERE HERE when the group actually takes a look at the task in front of them. People a generally nice to each other -- a time of exploration. Third is the BID FOR POWER Cliques battle individuals in the attempt to impose their ideas on the rest of the group. This is a time of much confusion amongst group members as they try to find out who is the best person to take orders from. The next stage is the CONSTRUCTIVE stage. In this stage there is a huge attitude change and people begin to give up their need for power and start concentrating on their goal. At this point there are many offered solutions by all group members. The last stage is Esprit here there is a lot of high moral and group loyalty. In this stage the group is tight, they have over looked personal differenc es, completely focusing on the task. An outsider at this point has the potential of destroying the well developed group. (notes) When forming a group it is important to include everyone right off the bat. Receiving good input from everyone is key to group development. Everyone in the group must respect and get along with the other members in order to provide substantial progress. Groupthink is a trap that all groups must attempt to avoid.

Indigenous Populations Health Case Analysis Essay -- Healthcare Indig

Introduction â€Å"Homo sapiens†, also called humans are best described as social animals. The accountability of this human behaviour lays with different factors, like culture, civilization, past history, etc. Among these factors, culture is the most significant. In the contemporary society, culture refers to composite reserve of principles, beliefs, knowledge, time concept, relations, etc passed-on from generation to generation, by groups (Roshan Cultural Heritage Institute, 2001). Among the thousands of culture practiced throughout the world, aboriginal culture is one of the richest and oldest culture which is estimated to be 58000 to 75000 years old (Goosen, 2000, p. 72). Different cultures have distinct perceptions to the models of health. This essay spotlights over the aboriginal culture, different models of health and their relevance to the case study of jenny. Discussion of case study Being an indigenous lady, jenny is deep rooted into her culture and society. Because of her baby delivery, she moved to urban area which made her vulnerable to variety of anxieties and stress. British colonisation on Australia â€Å"Terra nullius† was the official fiction, which lead to the invasion of British Empire on Australian mainland. Basically, it means the vacant and unpossessed terrains (Germov, 2009, p. 119). The first British fleet arrived at Botany Bay in 1788. This lead to various issues in the Australian indigenous society i.e. culture clash, indigenous dispossession, etc. Culture clash The term â€Å"culture clash† implies to the disruption between the people when two or more cultures exist together. Typically, culture clash is the drawback of multicultural society. According to Crisp and Taylor (2009, p.113), different fact... ...stone. Epstein, R. M., & Borrell-Carrio, F. (2005). The biopsychosocial model: Exploring six impossible things. Families, Systems, & Health, 23(4), 426-431. Germov, J. (2009). Second opinion: An introduction to health sociology (4th ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. Glittenberg, J. (2004). A transdisciplinary, transcultural model for health care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 15(1), 6-10. Goosen, G. C. (2000). Christian and Aboriginal interface in Australia. Theological Studies, 60(1), 72-94. Gustafson, D. L. (2005). Transcultural nursing theory from a critical cultural perspective. Advances in Nursing Science, 28(1), 2-16. Roshan Cultural Heritage Institute: Cultural understanding through education and communication (2001). Retrieved Dec. 1, 2010, from http://www.roshaninstitute.org/templates/System/details.asp?id=39783&PID=474552

Recessions and Depressions Essay -- Economy, The Great Depression

America has experienced several recessions and depressions in the past. Most recently, the housing crisis sparked a recession which has led to rising unemployment. The largest recession so far has been the Great Depression of the 1930s. A stock market crash in 1929 caused loss of savings which led to unemployment, lower wages, and a distrust of the banking system. The affects of it lasted into the 1940s. Franklin Roosevelt was elected president during this period; legislation he passed tried to alleviate the suffering of the public. As a result of the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt created the Civilian Conservation Corps to employ jobless young men and improve government land. The decade directly preceding the Great Depression was prosperous and lucrative. Many factors led to this era, often called the roaring twenties. The use of labor-saving machinery affected several industries. Henry Ford’s Model T suddenly was much cheaper, which enabled more families to purchase one. Less than seven million cars were on US highways in 1919. That number leaped to 23 million in 1929. This increase of cars and travel led to the expansion of gas stations, roadside restaurants, and service and repair stations. The use of machinery decreased the amount of labor needed on farms while increasing the yield per acre. Prohibition was still being enforced so the need for moonshine created an economic niche for those entrepreneurs not afraid of the law. Radio sales also increased rapidly. Total radio sales in 1922 were at $60 million while 1929 had radio sales totaling $850 million. This increase of radios also enabled more commercials to reach the ears of consu mers. For the first time, marketing messages were being sent direct... ... always conservation. As the depression slowly lessened and the program drew to a close, critics began to wonder if the Corps was conserving public lands, or over-developing it (â€Å"New Deal for Parks† 8). The looming threat of World War II redirected the efforts of the CCC. While the Corps still worked on government land, it was mainly on military bases to build or refurbish airfields and artillery ranges. When the United States officially joined World War II, funding for the Corps was cut. Even if funding had been continued, the program would’ve shrunk drastically as many of the enlistees joined the Army and were sent overseas to fight the war. The Civilian Conservation Corps is widely viewed as one of the more successful programs of the New Deal. It employed half a million young men while improving thousands of acres of public land (New Deal for Parks 8).

Group Counseling †Article Review Essay

Unlike the first article, this second article talks about group counseling in elementary school focusing on eliminating aggressive behaviors. The purpose of group counseling in this situation is to lessen aggression by influencing the feelings, emotions, judgments, and behaviors of the students in the process. Group counseling is perceived to be significant for the purpose of lessening aggressive behavior because elementary student, in their respective ages, are highly dependent on groups or group structures. Children relate with each other making it much easier to break into the group structure and influence thoughts, feelings, or behavior that would consequently influence else within the group. Eight sessions were held to implement the concepts of group counseling and intervention. At the end of the sessions, the children were required to attend a follow-up meeting four weeks after. The result of the study revealed that learning took place and the children displayed desirable changes in their behavior. What I like most about the article is that it was based on an actual study conducted on elementary students, and that the purpose of the study is to change specific behaviors within the subjects. The objective of the researcher to approach the problem proactively yielded great results as the sessions have revealed that the aggressive behavior of the children were transformed during the group counseling sessions. The article would be a great source of valid and reliable information that could be applied to future situations that requires behavioral intervention. Moreover, the process is solution-based, such that the study focused on a particular problem which is common in the elementary school setting, and conducted research and data gathering which led to a specific resolution that schools would be able to adapt of implement within their school and guidance and counseling system. Another characteristic that is likeable in the article is that it opens opportunities for further studies and other related studies, such as the adaptation of the steps carried out in the study however, differing in the problem, etc. The success of the study would urge other schools and guidance and counseling professionals to conduct other studies that would resolve other issues as well. References Stewart, J. (1996). Group Counseling Elementary School Children Who Use Aggressive Behaviors. Guidance & Counseling, 11, 12-15). Retrieved November 12, 2008 from Academic Search Complete via EBSCOHost.

Fast food vs homemade food Essay

Homemade food is better than fast food because it’s healthy, cheaper, and you control what’s in your food. Food is the most important thing that keeps us alive so we have to choose wisely on what we eat. But some people choose to eat meals that are giving to you in less than five minutes than a meal that takes thirty or more minutes. Fast food and homemade food also have their similarities because you could choose what you want to eat and when you want it. Fast food attracts people because its ready to go anytime of the day and many people don’t have that time to actually make a meal. Many people rely on fast food because it’s convenient to them and you could find a fast food place at almost any corner in a town. Everyone is busy you’re a college student, you work a lot, or your kids are keeping you busy so you are always in a rush so you don’t have the time to make a actual meal but that doesn’t mean your eating habits have to be a rush. When you’re making food at home you have control of the ingredients going in and what’s not going in. When eating fast food you don’t know if its health because you don’t know what is being put in the food you’re eating. For example, you could go to McDonalds and get a hamburger from the dollar menu or make your own at home, they both look the same and are probably going to be the same size but the differences between them are the calories in the hamburger and the tastes. By making your own you know what kind of percent of fat is in the meat. Almost all fast food restaurants look for deals so they would buy meat that has more percent of fat because it’s cheaper than meat that has less percent of fat. People keep feeding their kids fast food but what they don’t think about is it could lead their children to obesity in the future. By feeding them home made food you will have more control of their weight and they will have more energy throughout the day. Cooking at home dose take time out of your day but you also save much more money than eating out because when you cook at home you could cook one meal and that meal could last you all day or you could save the food for the next day. For example you could buy a five pound bag of chicken breast and use it for different types of meals for the week. Also, cooking at home could bring you family together and make the preparation go by faster. Both fast food and homemade food have differences and similarities. Fast food is more convenient and takes less time were as homemade food is healthier and saves you money.