Health Care System in Australian Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Health Care System in Australian. Answer: Introduction The health system in Australia is a complicated mix of federal and state government responsibilities and funding, thus making it complex for the patients to navigate. In spite of being complex the universal health system of Australia achieves efficiently good results. The expenditure made by the government in the Australian health care system is about 88% of the total GDP. The life expectancy at work in Australia is the sixth highest in the world which is 82.2 years. However there are various challenges which are faced by the health system. According to Grol et al., (2017) although the quality of care which is provided by the Australian heath care system is high, the spending of the country is reportedly unsustainable. An universal access to a various services which are funded largely through public taxation. The aim of this paper is to identify and discuss the features of the Australian health care policy. The paper also considers contemporary health care policy challenges in Australia with respect to health outcome inequities, enabling technical, allocative and quality efficiency and the roles of health professionals. The paper selects one key policy challenge faced by the Australian health system in Australia for the purpose of discussion. The paper concluded with a few recommendations to enhance the health care policies and better handle the challenges in Australia. The features of health policy in Australia The health care system in Australia is complex in nature. It can be described as a web of organization structure, care provider, recipients and services. As an inclusive and multi-faceted approach is needed to address the needs of the many and varied Australian residents, and when varied factors shape those needs age, health history, gender, location cultural background, socioeconomic and behavior, it is impossible to avoid complexity. The health care system is supported by an array of support and governance mechanisms that ensures legislation, coordination, policy, funding and regulations for providing quality services. Through the introduction of potent policies Australia has been able to achieve one of the lowest smoking rates around the world whereas by contrast it has the second highest population of obese people in the world. The public hospitals in Australia are managed by the state and territories only whereas they are funded by the commonwealth, states and territories. The p rivate health insurance is regulated by the federal government and the states provide license to the private hospitals. Various challenges are presented through this complex nature to the people who are suffering from chronic diseases as they more than often require access in a coordinated manner to services across community, acute and primary care sector. The initial contact with the health system of Australia which the residents have is when they visit a general physician. It is the general practitioner which refers these people to diagnostic testing, public hospitals or other options of treatment. However clinic care and patients are merely two components of a wide a complex which includes multiple provides who work in various settings and are supported by many regulatory, legislative and funding arrangements. According to the world health organization health policies are all those rules and regulations in place to ensure a proper protection and enhancement of public health. Its main purpose is to provide good quality service to people whenever they need them. In Australia the health care policies can be described as a multi faceted web of private and public providers, supporting mechanics, participants and settings. Nurses, medical practitioners, hospitals, allied and other health care professionals, clinics and other private and p ublic agencies consists of health providers in Australia. Public health services- responsibility and funding The coordination of the health policies in Australia is largely in the hand of Australian health minister which include the state and territory and the commonwealth ministers. The supplementary coordinative role is imposed upon the Standing council for health which collectively comprises of the health ministers. The council includes the Commonwealth Minister for Veterans' Affairs and the New Zealand Health Minister (AHMAC 2013) and The Standing Council comes under the auspices of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), the highest intergovernmental forum in Australia (AHMAC 2013). It is ensured by the standing council that national health reforms are implemented to the best possible health care services is provided to the residents. The expenditure which the country makes in relation to health care polices is significant. The health care policies in Australia although are complex but they are being managed appropriately to ensure the best possible results for the sectors. The nurses and doctors are guided by several legislations along with a code of conduct and codes of ethics. Some of the legislations which are governed by the minister of health are Aged Care Legislation Amendment (Increasing Consumer Choice) Act 2016, Australian National Preventive Health Agency Act 2010, Biosecurity Act 2015, particularly in relation to human health, Cancer Australia Act 2006, Health Insurance Amendment (Professional Services Review) Act 2012, My Health Records Act 2012 and Medical Indemnity Act 2002. One of the most prominent features of health care policies in Australia is Medicare. It is a government funded insurance which allows the residents to avail healthcare services at a very low cost. Although hospitals are reluctant to accept Medicare as a source of funding it is compulsory to be adopted in government hospitals and various private hospitals have also adopted it. A number of health insurance organizations also provide health insurance. Medicare is the largest health insurance with a market share of 30%. In order to take out private hospital insurance the Australian government has taken few initiatives such as life time health cover, Medicare levy surcharge and private health insurance rebates. There are various non-government organizations also which play a role in the Australian healthcare system. Health policy development, implementation and evaluation processes The major principles which are used in Australia for the development of health have been designed to ensure that the best possible outcomes are obtained. Thus the development guidelines are focused on outcomes, these are based on quality of life attributes and survival rates. For this purpose the guidelines have to be based on the best possible evidence. The strongest possible methods has to be used for synthesize of evidence. Australia uses flexible and adaptable guidelines with respect to local conditions. However according to Britt et al., (2013) the guidelines in Australia for the development of polices are not made taking into account the limitation of resources. The guidelines in Australia ensure that they take into account that they have been developed to target the maximum number of audience. The dissemination and implementation of the guidelines along with its development are regularly revised and evaluated. In Australia the implementations of the guidelines is done through the identification of limitations to implementation and acceptance of the guidelines along with working in coordination with members of target groups to overcome the limitations. The polices are made in a format which is suitable for the audience they have been targeted for. The cost of the health care is kept limited so that it does not become a barrier to access. The functioning of the health care system cannot merely be enhanced through proper implementation. Proper evaluation of policies from time to time is also required to ensure that the policies are effective for their purpose. polices are revised from time to time so that it can be ensured that they are up-to-date with the current environment of health care and meet the present need of the residents (Zwar et al., 2017). Contemporary policy challenges for the Australian health care system There have been various media reports recently in relation to the so called crisis with respect to the Australian health system, a few academic commentators have thrown light upon areas of Australian health care system which needs improvement. One of these commentators has been George Palmer, who has identified areas of health care police needing improvement. The performance of the Australian health care system with respect to criteria of acceptability, efficiency, equality along with the contemporary problems related to such areas (Mills, 2014). One of the major issues in Australia related to the health care system is the quest for equity. The two major elements of equity have been the equity of outcomes and equity of access. One of the most significant development of polices related to health care equity has been the proposal to introduce a universal health insurance. The proposal leads to the development of Medibank in the year 1975. Equity is also affected by financial barriers. Another issue which acts as a barrier to equity is waiting time for gaining access to private surgeons and public hospitals are very time consuming (Weaver et al., 2013). The major issue which is to be discussed through this paper is contemporary challenges related to efficiency. Efficiency is one of the most important criteria for the assessment of a health care system. Two main elements of efficiency which require focus are dynamic efficiency and allocative efficiency (Islam et al., 2015). Allocative efficiency is related to ensuring the optimum resource allocation in relation to the health care system. The concern of such efficiency is to ensure that the input made to the health care policies provide the best possible outcome. However the funding which is made by the government in relation to the health care system is too much as compared to the outcomes which the system has been able to achieve. Technical efficiency has undergone several improvements with respect to the health care sector in the last twenty years. According to (Duckett, Breadon Farmer, 2014) the complicated interlay which is associated with state and common relations in the health sectors lead to inefficiency. However according to Drummond et al., (2015) there is major doubt that multiple reporting requirements significantly hampers efficiency. Moreover the system is very helpful towards cost shifting and addressing problems related to budgets through the transfer of programs to readily accessible c ommonwealth programs like medicare benefit schemes and pharmacy benefits schemes (Burgess Radnor 2013). The process allows that the attention of the managers towards directly enhancing efficiency is diverted which possibly results in loss of system efficiency. In addition a real problem with respect to state-commonwealth relation exits in terms of accountability and political process. The issue related to responsibility in the health sector denotes that whenever there is a problem in the system there is a game of shifting the blame on other level of politicians. This issue creates problems related to accountability of the management systems. Another key element related to efficiency is effectiveness. Effectiveness strives to ensure that one of the elements to this is efficacy to the degree to which the outputs of the system led to most effective outcomes. The primary objectives of policy are to ensure that the actual effectiveness is closest to the best possible outcomes. Priority settings are also a key issue related to allocative efficiency. Dynamic efficiency refers to the degree to which the healthcare system overall has the capacity of adopting to changes. The health care policy in Australian reflects dynamic efficiency at a clinical level by being relatively open in adapting changes (Happell et al. 2015). Conclusion There has been various media speculations related to the shortcomings of the Australian health care system. However many studies depict that the scenario is not as bad as it is shown to the public. The Australian health care system is one of the best health care systems in the world. However it cannot be said that the system is free from defects. The system is subjected to many limitations because of its complex nature. One of the most prominent issues in relation to the system is the lack of allocative efficiency. The funds which are allocated towards the healthcare system are not providing the proportionate expected outcomes. the reason for this may be various insignificant issues in the system which are too small to be focused on but add up to effect the efficiency of the system. The issue can be addressed through increasing the accountability of the ministers and preventing them from sifting the blame of other levels of ministers in case of defaults. References Britt, H., Miller, G. C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., ... O'Halloran, J. (2013).General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health(No. 33). Sydney University Press. Burgess, N. and Radnor, Z., 2013. Evaluating Lean in healthcare.International journal of health care quality assurance,26(3), pp.220-235. Drummond, M. F., Sculpher, M. J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G. L., Torrance, G. W. (2015).Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press. Duckett, S., Breadon, P., Farmer, J. (2014). Out-of-Pocket Costs: Hitting the Most Vulnerable HardestGrattan Institute Submission to the Senate Standing Committee on Community Affairs Inquiry into the Out-of-Pocket Costs in Australian Healthcare.Carlton, Vic., Grattan Institute. Grol, R., Wensing, M., Eccles, M., Davis, D. (Eds.). (2013).Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons. Happell, B., Platania-Phung, C., Webster, S., McKenna, B., Millar, F., Stanton, R., ... Scott, D. (2015). Applying the World Health Organization Mental Health Action Plan to evaluate policy on addressing co-occurrence of physical and mental illnesses in Australia.Australian Health Review,39(4), 370-378. Islam, S. R., Kwak, D., Kabir, M. H., Hossain, M., Kwak, K. S. (2015). The internet of things for health care: a comprehensive survey.IEEE Access,3, 678-708. Mills, A. (2014). Health care systems in low-and middle-income countries.New England Journal of Medicine,370(6), 552-557 Mossialos, E., Wenzl, M., Osborn, R., Anderson, C. (2015). International profiles of health care systems.The Commonwealth Fund,2016. Powell Davies, G., Harris, M., Perkins, D., Roland, M., Williams, A., Larsen, K., McDonald, J. (2017). Coordination of care within primary health care and with other sectors: a systematic review. Weaver, C. A., Ball, M. J., Kim, G. R., Kiel, J. M. (2016). Healthcare information management systems.Cham: Springer International Publishing. Zwar, N., Dennis, S., Griffiths, R., Perkins, D., May, J., Hasan, I., ... Caplan, G. (2017). Optimising skill-mix in the primary health care workforce for the care of older Australians: A systematic review.

Exam Questions free essay sample

Advanced countries, which have the capability to innovate, as well as high-income levels and mass consumption, will sell the item first to its domestic market, then will become initial exporters of goods to other technically advance countries. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. The advanced country loses their exports initially to developing countries (who will import and later manufacture these goods) and subsequently to less developed countries. Eventually, the original advanced country (original innovator) will become importers of these goods because they will have begun producing other new products. The duration of each stage of the cycle varies with the product and the type of management supporting it. Understanding the product life-cycle stages allows a company to fully take advantage of market opportunities by either establishing or protecting a competitive advantage through a long-lasting market presence. The main usiness reason for extending the product life-cycle would be to increase sales through longer existence in the marketplace. Certain consumers will embrace a product at different stages of the product life cycle so by extending each stage of the cycle, there is a better chance of exposure to the targeted consumer group. A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the personal computer. Stage one is considered the new product stage and this is where domestic production essentially begins. After a period of research and development, a new product is introduced to meet local (or national) needs. The product is created, produced and consumed in the domestic market and virtually no trade takes place. During the introduction phase, the innovating company does not know the extent to which a profitable market exists. For instance in the late 1970’s and into the early 1980’s, during the early stages of the personal computer, IBM and Apple pc’s were produced in the US and aimed for office and small business use. Personal computer use spread quickly throughout the domestic market as more and more households made purchases for increased personal productivity and gaming purposes. In stage two, the maturing product stage, domestic production peaks as the demand for the product significantly increases since the consumer base begins to acknowledge the product value. This stage is signified by a period of growth as sales and a rise in profits as mass-production techniques are developed and foreign demand expands (developed countries). At this stage the product is now exported to other developed countries and both domestic and foreign competitors emerge. A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. Based on production costs, manufacturing moves to other countries. As was the case with Apple PC’s, production in this stage moved out of the original facility and into manufacturing plants in California and Texas as well as distribution warehouses in both the US and the Netherlands. Stage three is the standardized product stage. This is when the market for the product stabilizes and domestic production declines. The product becomes more of a article of trade and companies are compelled to reduce manufacturing costs which is the main reason for moving production sites to countries with lower labor costs. As production moves to developing countries, in turn, they begin to export the product to developed countries. A product saturation phase is experienced as sales level off and the first signs of decline occur. In the personal computer industry, the US market low-priced brand-name imports from producers such as South Korea’s Hyundai and Samsung. Several Taiwanese manufacturers exported millions of personal computers both to the US and other countries, a large portion which are produced for foreign distributors. To contest this, Apple condensed their product line, expanded use of industry standard parts, outsourced component manufacturing and streamlined warehousing operations. There is a final stage of decline in which poorer countries constitute the only markets for the product and import competition is very strong. At this point, almost all declining products are produced in less developed countries. The PC is not necessarily a good example of decline, for one because there is a weak demand for computers in less developed countries, but rather an example of technology that is ever improving which would make earlier versions of computers and related software obsolete. Normally, a product may finally disappear from the market at this point, however, PC technology continue to improve. There is no threat of the PC disappearing, but certain versions will eventually become dinosaurs. . Explain Porter’s Diamond in terms of Nokia’s development as an international mobile telecom powerhouse. Michael Porter’s â€Å"theory of national competitive advantage† framework was the product of a study of patterns of comparative advantage among industrialized nations and looked at sources of competitive advantage from a national context. The diamond-shaped theory can be used to evaluate both a firms’ ability to function in a national market as well as a national markets’ ability to compete internationally. Porter’s theory of international trade comes from the interaction of four country- and firm-specific elements: 1. Factor conditions – this is a country’s legacy of production factors that affect its ability to compete on an international level such as human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, etc. Porter looks beyond the most basic factors of land, labor and capital to include the educational level of the workforce and the quality of the country’s infrastructure. 2. Demand conditions – demand in the home market helps the company to establish a competitive advantage. A highly developed domestic market will pressure a firm to innovate faster and to create more advanced products than those of competitors. When the domestic market for a particular product is larger locally than in foreign markets, the â€Å"home† firm will devote more attention to that product which leads to a competitive advantage when exporting begins. 3. Related and supporting industries – these related and supporting industries provide cost-effective inputs and participate in the process of upgrading which serves to stimulate other companies in the chain to innovate. When local supporting industries are competitive, the â€Å"home† firm experiences more cost-effectiveness and innovation. This effect is reinforced when the supporting industries (suppliers) are strong competitors as well. 4. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry – the way in which companies are created and managed are important for success. The presence of rivalry in the domestic market is important because it creates pressure to continually innovate in order to promote competitiveness. Other conditions that affect the diamond theory are: Government – obviously the government can influence the supply conditions of key productions factors, the demand conditions in the domestic market and the competition between domestic firms. The government can also intervene on several different levels (local, regional, national, international). -Chance – clearly, chance events will occur that are outside the control of the domestic firm. Chance is important because it can create or disrupt competitive positions. Porter’s Diamond in terms of Nokia Factor conditions: -Finland is one of the world’s most homogenous and stable societies as well as having very sophisticated consumers; -As a country, Finland has invested money into a strong educational system which gives them an excellent educational system with which to provide the necessary work force; -Finland has a uniform, market-oriented government; Nokia, with close ties to national government, has helped propel technology, legal issues and export opportunities. Finland as a whole has a national competitive strategy; -Substantial public investment in telecommunications-related RD which focuses on wireless technology; -Finland has a tradition of innovative engineering and telecom industry -Due to harsh physical and natural conditions, options for a land-based wired system was a very expensive option, making wireless digital systems a relative bargain for the same price; -Most of the population speaks English; -Finland was an early adopters of the internet and other wireless activities. Demand conditions: As mentioned in the Factor Conditions, a sparsely populated area supports adoption of wireless devices; -The weather and physical supports mobile phone over face-to-face conversations; -Nationally, a heavy usage of texting and other wireless message services; -Finland a test market for wireless applications; -Nordic Mobile Telephone created the world’s largest single mobile market. Related and Supporting industries: Huge RD spending by government and companies; Finland, as a whole, offers strong venture capital, and a strong manufacturer network; -Due to the nature and need of wireless communication, there is a high number of specialized companies due to fragmented market; -There are approximately 3,000 Finnish firms in telecom and IT related products and services; -There is a large local supply allowing for highly customized contributions Firm strategy, structure and rivalry: Significant historic reasons for highly competitive landscape within Finland; - A very strong export-centered commerce experience; Sturdy network and links between companies, banks and governments; -The Regional Development Agencies Act favors intense rivalry; -History of competition in telecommunications services throughout the 20th century; -Finland was early to deregulate in telecom-related industries; -A high number of telecom firms create an active local rivalry in wireless communications; -There is no monopoly on any of the value chain parts of telecom and a very healthy competition between companies; -European consumer demand (roaming, etc. ; Finland has been a part of the European Common Market since 1995. Other conditions that affect the Diamond Theory: Government oVery stable with a long-term view (low turn-over with 6-year terms); oStrong initiatives to improve national innovative capacity; oAssurance of technological neutrality; oOpen socialist economy; -Chance oConditions in Finland provided a unique medium for Nokia’s success. Creating, ma intaining and updating land-based wired communication networks can be very slow and very expensive which made wireless digital systems seem a virtual bargain. . What is Absolute Advantage and how does Intel’s global position in mircoprocessors reflect this? Adam Smith developed the theory of absolute advantage which asserts that one party (a nation, a firm, etc. ) benefits from manufacturing more output than others since it is possess a unique resource or commodity. This particular resource or commodity can be a certain method, a distinct knowledge or manufacturing process that increases production efficiency, and thus reduces the relative need for additional resources. The theory holds that different countries (or firms) produce some goods more efficiently than others based on those particular resources or commodities. Limitations to the theory exist if there multiple unique resources or commodities once the hypothesis expands to include multiple unique resources, the absolute would turn to a comparative advantage. Generally, in international trade, countries export goods/services when they have an absolute advantage in that product area and will import goods/services when another country (or firm) has the absolute advantage. Intel and Dell had a unique relationship in this regard – Intel had set the industry bar in terms of microprocessors and Dell, using Intel exclusively, became one of the strongest PC manufacturers in the world based on their distinctive marketing tool of â€Å"custom-made† computers. Both firms benefited from this relationship as they both had an absolute advantage on the items they produced. Further, according to the theory, if a country (or firm) has no absolute advantage in any product or service, no trade will occur. For instance, if both Intel and Dell manufactured microprocessors and PC hardware, no trade would exist between them – they would be direct competitors since no benefit would exist to either of them. A competitive advantage occurs when a firm acquires or develops a product or feature that allows it to outperform its competitors. To gain competitive advantage, the firm strategy is to manipulate that unique resource or commodity over which it has a direct advantage which gives them the ability to generate a competitive advantage. Superior performance outcomes and superiority in production resources reflects competitive advantage, and in doing so, gives a firm absolute advantage over an industry (or product). In the case of Intel’s global position in microprocessors, their strategy has been to continually introduce cutting-edge technology which ultimately means that consumers pay for the research and development of the speeds of new chips. It is a cyclical process, which demands more research and development of even faster, smaller products. The company does this to constantly renew consumer need which helps keep margins high. This business model of Intels can be compared to the auto industrys planned obsolescence. The introduction of new models means the previous model is not as good, or new, anymore. As such, consumers feel compelled to purchase the newest, latest, greatest product. The trends are pushed by more powerful applications, which in turn create the need for new stronger, faster microprocessors and other new generations of computer products. Here are some of the contributing factors in Intel’s absolute advantage in the microprocessing industry: 1. Distinct ability to draw a prevailing share of the markets attention Intel benefited from a very exclusive and significant relationship with Dell (â€Å"Intel Inside†) until May 2006. With Dell being a major player in the computer hardware market, they offered â€Å"custom-made† computers with an exclusive agreement to offer only Intel processors inside. 2. Capability to impose innovative obstacles which created more labor for any competition Not only did competitors already struggled to meet specs for the industry standards, they also experience issues keeping up with Intels production speed and product features. 3. Drive costs down and keep profits up – Intel was able to make its partners (and consumers) pay for this with an average selling price of over $150 a unit. PC makers had to accept this because at the time, Intel was only choice. 4. Strong reputation as the â€Å"reliable† standard – PC makers and consumers had not reason to look for alternative processors based on Intel’s innovation combined with the lack of reliable parts produced by competitors. 5. Economy of scale – Because the per unit cost of manufacturing depends on the size of the firm’s output, the larger the firm, the greater the scale of manufacturing benefits. Due to Intel’s economy of scale in the microprocessing industry, they could potentially monopolize the industry. Based on Intel’s strengths mentioned above as industry leaders (#2) as well as their ability to drive costs down while keeping profits up, Intel was untouchable and could manage to win any price war brought on by the competition. The Intel quality was also so high that the unreliable chips made by the competition almost, until recently, didn’t even create much of a price war since there wasn’t another game in town. 4. Explain Comparative Advantage? Then describe the development of India’s software industry and how it reflects one theory of competitive advantage. Comparative advantage theory is an international trade theory attributed to David Ricardo that indicates that firms or nations trade because they have superior productivity in a particular industry and can produce that particular good or service at lower marginal and opportunity costs than another party. In simple terms, this theory explains how trade can create value for two parties even if one party can produce all goods with fewer resources than the other. The thought being that each country can gain by specializing in the goods/services where it experiences this cost/efficiency advantage and trade that good/service for another where they do not posses the same advantage. Governments may attempt to counter comparative advantage by raising trade barriers, imposing high tariffs, and allowing newer and relatively uncompetitive industries ample time to become established. Comparative advantage is an appropriate theory to explain why particular countries export more services that support the global supply chain of both multinational enterprises and domestic firms. The source of a nations comparative advantage evolves from the mixture of its own factors of production such as availability of workforce, labor skills, access to capital, land and technology. For example, India is an excellent example of a country that has developed a highly efficient and low-cost software industry. This industry supplies not only the creation of custom software, but also call centers for customer support and other information technology services. The Indian software industry is composed of many subsidiaries of multinational corporations as well as independent companies. This question focuses on the rise of the software industry in India. As a relatively poor country, India in the past has not normally been thought of as a nation that is capable of building a major presence in a high-technology industry (e. g. , software). However, over the last decade or so, the Indian software industry has become an important force in the global software market. Among others, the main factors that have boosted India into this position are their large number of well-educated, English-speaking work force, a strong national work ethic coupled with technical experts who are paid only a fraction of the salary (including overhead) earned by U. S. counterparts. Additionally, the low cost of international telecommunication networks further enhances the comparative advantage of an Indian location for outsourcing. India has a comparative advantage in those services that are tradeable such as business process outsourcing and programming services. In looking at IBMs outsourcing and how it utilizes both a US workforce and an outsourced Indian workforce, it is important to identify the relative strengths of each. For the mainly technical aspects of the job, IBM realizes cost savings by using the Indian workforce. Since programming wages are low in India and the average productivity of Indian programmers is somewhat comparable to the productivity of US programmers, then India can potentially enjoy a comparative advantage in programming. For those aspects of the job specializing in knowledge of a clients business, the US workforce is well-matched to do the job. The complementary nature of these two separate workforces rose out of the need of IBM to compete in more than just one area in order to succeed. Utilizing the Indian workforces allows IBM to realize a cost savings that can be used in other areas of their business. India, on the other hand, benefits from the trade with IBM by realizing large employment in the country as well as a boost to the economy that will only help to continue developing the country. 5. Explain briefly the common patters of successful Japanese entry into global markets once dominated by US firms such as RCA, Xerox and GM. In the business world, an initial direct attack of a competitor is usually most advantageous to the defending company since the attacking company usually ends up spending an exorbitant amount of resources without ever actually reaching its goals. This is a prime description of certain large companies such as General Electric, Xerox and RCA back to the 1970’s when all of them waged war against IBM in the computer market. All suffered very heavy monetary losses and as a result, did not engage further in the computer industry. The gamble cost these companies devastating sums upward in the millions. A company’s objective is to make use of its resources in such a way that allows them to maximize the market share. Direct attacks don’t necessarily serve that purpose, but rather the indirect attack seems to be more successful. The successful market penetration by Japanese companies was facilitated by an indirect approach. As one example, Xerox was an established leader in the photocopier field and by the 70s ruled the copier market, controlling the majority of the markets share. However, within a decade, Japanese companies outwitted Xerox, and proceeded to follow suit in other industries (such as the auto industry) by launching indirect attacks on the smaller portion of the consumer base, and eventually swallowing up the entire market. The Japanese discovered that Xerox was marketing and supplying large copiers mainly to only large companies. That left millions of smaller companies using more local and less known supplies to meet their copying needs. These smaller companies couldn’t afford by purchase on the large scale of Xerox, nor did they have the physical space to store the industrial-size equipment. Enter the Japanese market with companies focusing on this weakness and entering the market focusing on the needs of the smaller organizations. Because there was no immediate effect on sales, Xerox took no notice of the market competition. As soon as the Japanese companies gained traction in this market, by focusing on the need of smaller products, lower prices, simplified technology, and distribution through office-supply dealers, tactics began to change as the Japanese continued to build upon their consumer base. The product ranges broadened with superior technology and more product choices. Towards the mid 80’s, the Japanese had made a considerable difference in the size of the market share, leaving Xerox behind and struggling. The Japanese business culture has seen significant success with a strategy of focusing in on an a smaller, overlooked, neglected, or emerging market segment and targeting in on the weaknesses of the competitor thereby gaining an advantage that affords a company the grip it needs to make gains in the market segment. Once that grip is found, the Japanese company consolidates their products position by mobilizing all resources and expanding into the rest of the market.

A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay Essay Example

A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay Essay Writing an argumentative becomes very easy and simple just as long as you learn how to write an argumentative essay. This is an article that will tell you how to write an argumentative essay with ease, following these tips can even make writing the argumentative essay fun and enjoyable. The following tips are written in plain and easy English and can be understood by anyone, so make use of them to write your own argumentative essay.? Select a topic that you strongly believe in The most important thing in how to write an argumentative essay is that the topic you choose should be something that you strongly believe in. Now you must be thinking why I am saying this, the thing is that the argumentative essay is of course arguing about something, it is something like a debate, a debate you need to win. So how can you win a debate or even argue on a subject if you don’t believe in it right? This is why you need to choose a topic you strongly believe in. Another thing you need to remember is to start your argumentative essay with a sentence and not with a question. Why this is important is once again because you are supporting a subject, there is no question in that. Strong supporting points Once you have decided on the main subject or theme of your argumentative essay, you now need to decide what supporting points you are going to add to it to make it appear more solid and believable. These points should not be against your thesis but instead strong with it. Also keep in mind that your points need to be from reliable sources otherwise your essay will not be appreciated at all. Create Paragraphs We will write a custom essay sample on A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Different Approach on How to Write an Argumentative Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Once you have decided the points, now it’s time for you to make some paragraphs. As with any other type of essay, each point will have one paragraph. Remember not to repeat the same sentences again and again but instead try to add some interesting facts about the points you are including. When you are starting the paragraph, always start with a clear statement and then continue to other smaller points, something sort of like a funnel model. Once again, if you are including a citation or something then always make sure it is from a reliable source. You could also find useful resources from other known people. Write the Introduction After you have done writing the body of the essay, it’s time for you to write an attention grabbing introduction. It is of extreme importance that you write a really good introduction because this will keep the reader interested and will take him to the main argument. But remember not to offend anyone in your argumentative essay. The Conclusion The ending of the essay is a conclusion, which also has to be written with extreme caution. Wrap up things nicely so that the reader leaves really believing in what you have been saying. Don’t extend the conclusion but instead write it in a short and sweet way.

Kaplan Pcat Essay Sample - Important Information To Consider

Kaplan Pcat Essay Sample - Important Information To ConsiderThe sample Kaplan Pcat essay includes a syllabus and outlines the material to be covered. This type of writing is commonly used in science and business courses, and may be suitable for students that need extra help.Although you can use this Kaplan Pcat essay example as a guideline to write your own, it is important to review the assignments in the manner outlined. The syllabus details the terms that should be discussed and all of the skills that should be used. Review all the topics that are mentioned in the sample paragraph, and make sure that you use the proper grammar and spelling.Write the essay on any topic that interests you. It is common for students to write on a subject that they know or find interesting. You should try to think of an essay topic that is not too general.Ask your student's passion or interest and then research that topic. The example contains a paragraph on how to write a college essay, and each term is explained in detail. Each term needs to be included, with proper punctuation and spelling.Each sentence structure should be used and each sentence should be written in a way that is grammatically correct. You should pay attention to spelling and grammar while reviewing this essay sample. By working on the essay on your own, you can be sure that it is a successful assignment.You will also need to consider the college essay topic. All the topics for this sample class are specified, so it is easy to search for other ideas. However, you will want to make sure that the topic you choose is related to the actual college topic.As you consider how to create the exact college essay sample, consider including a few other elements. The use of examples, data from the textbook, and quotes from students that provide background information on the topic are all important elements to include.Just remember that the specific topics are provided, but you must continue to research the topics. Each te rm and subtopic are explained in detail in the example.

Dominant Ideology Thesis

Dominant Ideology Thesis The dominant ideology of a society is the collection of values, attitudes, and beliefs that shape the way it views reality. However, sociologists argue that the dominant ideology is only one of a multitude of ideologies at play and that its preeminence is the only aspect that distinguishes it from other competing viewpoints. In Marxism Sociologists differ on how the dominant ideology manifests itself. Theorists influenced by the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels maintain that the dominant ideology always represents the interests of the ruling class over the workers. For example, the ideology of ancient Egypt that represented the pharaoh as a living god and therefore infallible clearly expressed the interests of the pharaoh, his dynasty, and his entourage. The dominant ideology of bourgeois capitalism functions the same way. There are two ways by which the dominant ideology is perpetuated, according to Marx. Intentional propagation is the work of cultural elites within the ruling class: its writers and intellectuals, who then use mass media to disseminate their ideas.Spontaneous propagations happen when the mass media environment is so total in its efficacy that its basic tenets are unquestioned. Self-censorship among knowledge workers, artists, and others ensures that the dominant ideology is unchallenged and the status quo remains Of course, Marx and Engels predicted that revolutionary consciousness would sweep away such ideologies that kept power from the masses. For example, unionizing and collective actions would upset the world views propagated by the dominant ideology, as these are representations of a working-class ideology.

Introduction to comparative politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to comparative politics - Essay Example The electoral process is the system used to nominate candidates, creating ballots, and polling the public. The electoral process is the mechanics and body of laws that govern the election. The electoral system is not the same as the electoral process. The electoral system is the "†¦means by which votes are translated into seats in the process of electing politicians into office" (Farrell 4). The United States has a two-party system, which is non-proportional and tends to provide continuity and stability at the cost of minority representation. This has tended to minimize any impact that minority opinions have on legislation. Ecuador has a multi-party system that has worked towards a proportional system where all viewpoints and parties are represented based on their ability to get votes. However, this is an oversimplification as Ecuador has made some major changes in their system in recent years and is actually a mixed system. The proportional system of Ecuador has insured minorit y representation, but has also complicated the legislative process. In both Ecuador and the United States, the highest elected position in the land is the presidency, but are elected by systems that are considerably different. In the United States, the president is elected by an electoral system where each state is given a number of votes based on their population. In each state it is a winner take all system and the candidate with the most votes gets the electoral votes of that state. This has had the effect of creating two parties, of relatively equal strength, that serve as a representative for ideas and change. It has virtually eliminated any opportunity of a third party or minority party candidates due to the expense and almost certain defeat. It has also created an electoral system where voting blocs and coalitions are of critical importance. In addition, the winner

Conventional and Evolutionary Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conventional and Evolutionary Education - Essay Example Friere suggests that the current method of teaching is one where a teacher poses the authority and "narrates" the learning material to the children, who are passive, and whose only necessary function is to memorize the material they're being taught. There's no involvement of any critical thinking on their part, they don't truly understand what they are learning or comprehend its meaning. The "Banking" concept of education, as he dubs is, represents the idea that the students are being "filled" with knowledge, they are like a vessel or container that gain in substance. Teachers are, in a way," depositing" information to the account, and the students receive this deposit. However, this fails to achieve the goal, as without any thinking about the material and its implications and meanings, what occurs isn't really teaching and certainly not imparting wisdom, insights or critical methods of thinking- it is simply memorizing data, reaching a certain quota of material, nothing more. Friere says that this misses the point entirely, because there isn't really any learning when students are being taught like that. ... The teacher is to be perceived as the one who can give all the answers, the one that knows everything, and does not need to (nor will he ever) learn from his students. This hierarchy and relationship between teachers and students are highly detrimental to students, as they lack motivation, interest or a coherent sense of self as able to learn on their own and being autonomous and competent, not necessarily needing the assistance of the teacher. Contrary to this approach, there is another one called "Problem-posing" education or method. It comprises first of all of being aware or conscious to the consciousness of things, and specifically in the field of education- how education occurs, by what means, in which system and how the information is taught. It proposes a different way which involves more communication, the breaking down of the hierarchy between teachers and students, bringing them closer together. This way also allows teachers to learn from the dialog with their students, ra ther than it being only the students who learn from the teachers. Through this dialog, the teacher evokes students' imagination, reflection and critical thinking, making them very active partners in their learning. Both the teacher and his students are investigating together the material being discussed (learned). The educator along with the students creates conditions that allow the knowledge to be passed on in the highest form and in the best way possible, considering what they students think and then re-considering what he had previously thought. Problem-posing education entails the development of the ability to perceive how we exist in the world in which and with which we live. It regards the world as a reality that is always changing and transforming, rather